tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15735153085018968492024-03-19T11:06:40.861+01:00Evolution blogBlog about DNA, evolution, science & societygert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.comBlogger631125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-47967941100639115192024-03-17T11:31:00.020+01:002024-03-19T11:06:08.786+01:00Frans de Waal: dierenliefhebber die dieren at<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNYZNwUyJlokdxO9_yUO4vnFk1-yimRXLrJVmYd9wpqHNjyQTrU-ji6wo2oLNXUmAOUTkZdycA49LV1mnnU5-ukI_GiP71g-RlzlExvs64WNPr79UzAyqIbMz2-7uo0Z6D229kz_0tQgp1/s1600/Zomergasten2017FransdeWaal-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="677" data-original-width="1167" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNYZNwUyJlokdxO9_yUO4vnFk1-yimRXLrJVmYd9wpqHNjyQTrU-ji6wo2oLNXUmAOUTkZdycA49LV1mnnU5-ukI_GiP71g-RlzlExvs64WNPr79UzAyqIbMz2-7uo0Z6D229kz_0tQgp1/s400/Zomergasten2017FransdeWaal-2.jpg" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Frans de Waal legt uit aan Janine Abbring<br />waarom hij vlees eet.
20 August 20 2017 (<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2017/09/killing-animals-in-age-of-empathy-frans.html" target="_blank">bron</a>)<br /></span>
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<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">Gisteravond berichtte de
<a href="https://nos.nl/artikel/2513035-overleden-frans-de-waal-ontdekte-dat-we-niet-heel-anders-zijn-dan-apen" target="_blank">NOS</a>
dat bioloog en primatoloog Frans de Waal op 75-jarige leeftijd overleden is
in zijn woonplaats Atlanta in de VS. Alle persberichten over Frans de Waal
noemen hem standaard "een van de meest vooraanstaande primatologen ter
wereld." Journalisten nemen dat altijd van elkaar over. Ik dacht ook dat hij
"een van de meest vooraanstaande primatologen ter wereld" was totdat ik op
<a href="https://www.vpro.nl/programmas/zomergasten/lees/gasten/2017/frans-de-waal.html" target="_blank">20 augustus 2017</a>
in een uitzending van Zomergasten Frans de Waal aan Janine Abbring hoorde
uitleggen waarom hij vlees at (<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2017/09/killing-animals-in-age-of-empathy-frans.html" target="_blank">hier</a>). Janine betrapte hem op een grote inconsistentie. Hij moest zich er uit
redden met een smoes. Maar zij moest door met de uitzending en kon er niet
dieper op in gaan. Ik hoor nooit over dit incident in de pers. Een incident
dat meer zegt over zijn karakter dan al zijn boeken. Frans de Waal was de
wetenschapper die verdedigde dat dieren ook gevoelens hadden en ondertussen
vlees bleef eten. </span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">in plaats van vegetariërs en veganisten aan te vallen, had hij als
vegetariër of veganist duizenden mensen kunnen inspireren hetzelfde te doen
en daarmee miljoenen dieren een onwaardig lot hebben kunnen besparen.</span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;"> </span></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: small;">Update: 19 maart heb ik alle Nederlandse en Engelse blogs toegevoegd. <br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Bronnen</span>
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span>
</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2017/09/killing-animals-in-age-of-empathy-frans.html" target="_blank">Killing Animals in the Age of Empathy. Frans de Waal, a leading
primatologist explains why he eats animals</a>
blog 26 Sept 2017 met het Zomergasten fragment.</span>
</p>
<p></p>
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<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqNd5UCMjLQ" target="_blank">Frans De Waal uses a fallacy to defend eating meat. No empathy with
animals. Not a vegan.</a>
video fragment 3 okt 2017 </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: x-small;">(1508 hits)</span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Nederlandse blogs</span>
</h2>
<p></p>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2017/10/frans-de-waal-wil-stoppen-en-doorgaan.html" target="_blank"><span>Frans de Waal wil stoppen én doorgaan met vlees eten. En hij heeft
voor beide argumenten</span></a>. 20 Oct 2017. "Gisteren vond ik een column van Frans de Waal 'Zijn vleeseters agressief?' in <i>Psychologie Magazine</i>, 1 november 2013" </span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2017/09/zijn-wij-slim-genoeg-om-te-begrijpen.html" target="_blank">Zijn wij slim genoeg om te begrijpen waarom Frans de Waal nog steeds
vlees eet? De drogreden van Frans de Waal</a>
12 Sep 2017. Hier geef ik het volledige transcript van het gesprek tussen
Frans de Waal en Janine Abbring over het eten van dieren.</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2021/11/ik-was-aan-het-bladeren-in-het-544.html" target="_blank">Toevalsvondst zet drogreden Frans de Waal op scherp</a> 9 nov 2021. De Waal gebruikt de naturalistische drogreden om vlees
eten te rechtvaardigen, maar ik ontdekte in zijn eigen '<i>Een tijd voor empathie</i>' (paperback, 2009) staat de 'Naturalistische drogreden' expliciet
beschreven (pagina 41,42).<br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/04/zo-kijkt-frans-de-waal-naar-mens-en.html" target="_blank">Zo kijkt Frans de Waal naar mens en dier. VPRO Tegenlicht. Ik snap het
niet</a>. 20 april 2023. "Het reduceren van de bio-industrie lijkt me het meest
logische."</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2019/07/het-nieuwe-boek-van-frans-de-waal-mamas.html" target="_blank">Het nieuwe boek van Frans de Waal 'Mama’s laatste omhelzing'</a>
17 juli 2019. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
... de Waal bijna geen zoogdieren meer eet. Hij was toen 71 jaar.</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2016/04/zeer-kritische-bespreking-van-het.html" target="_blank">Zeer kritische bespreking van het nieuwe boek van Frans de Waal in
Nature vandaag (14 april 2016)</a>
14 april 2016. gaat over:
<i>Are we smart enough to know how smart animals are? </i>Het review is
gratis te lezen op
<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/532176a" target="_blank">Nature</a>
website.</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2013/10/is-het-nog-steeds-nodig-om-aan-te-tonen.html" target="_blank">Is het nog steeds nodig om aan te tonen dat moraal geen
bovennatuurlijke oorsprong heeft?</a>
2 Oct 2013. Naar aanleiding van de rede ter gelegenheid van het
eredoctoraat van de Universiteit Utrecht 26 maart 2013.<i><br /></i></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2013/03/frans-de-waal-houdt-lezing-in.html" target="_blank">Frans de Waal houdt lezing in een uitverkocht Paradiso</a>
25 maart 2013. Zondag 24 maart 2013 hield Frans de Waal een lezing ter
gelegenheid van zijn nieuwe boek
<i>De Bonobo en de Tien Geboden.</i></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2013/04/enige-hulp-bij-het-lezen-van-de-bonobo.html" target="_blank">Enige hulp bij het lezen van De Bonobo en de Tien Geboden</a>, 17 april 2013. "Ik beperk me in dit blog tot wat Frans de Waal in hoofdstuk twee schrijft over de bekende genoom onderzoeker Francis Collins."<br /></span>
</li>
</ol>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Engelse blogs</span>
</h2>
<p></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2021/11/i-have-put-much-effort-into-proving.html" target="_blank">I have put much effort into proving Frans de Waal committed the
Naturalistic Fallacy. And then this happened</a>. 8 Nov 2021 is Engelse versie mijn blog Toevalsvondst...<br /></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2017/09/killing-animals-in-age-of-empathy-frans.html" target="_blank">Killing Animals in the Age of Empathy. Frans de Waal, a leading
primatologist explains why he eats animals</a>
blog 26 Sept 2017 met het Zomergasten fragment.</span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2019/07/frans-de-waal-mamas-last-hug-emotions.html" target="_blank">Frans de Waal: Mama's Last Hug. Emotions, Sentience, Morality, Meat,
Vegetarianism, Veganism</a> 29 July 2019</span>
<br />
</li></ol><ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Frans de Waal</span>
</h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.psychologiemagazine.nl/artikel/vleeseters-agressief/" target="_blank">Zijn vleeseters agressief?</a>
column in Psychologie magazine 1 november 2013 (Laatste update: 16
december 2019). Dit is een schokkende, ongekend laag-bij-de-grondse
aanval op vegetariërs en veganisten en een pseudowetenschappelijke
verdediging van vleeseters.<br /></span>
</li>
</ul>
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<p></p>
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gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-61924283071834038022024-02-29T11:53:00.044+01:002024-03-15T08:49:21.143+01:00A review of Philip Ball (2024) How Life Works. With Postscript.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKV7RLB5zrIGHDUtk0qOV7lWTpMJyrQJoKwIr6jzJrgMDPa27Cz3CvsWv5kClLWMmL7YDAraFh0qo3WGi0Ohob6EENb4db3aywisWqxCN-lzEYQmvEprtJ8k1IYSKU9JLkky5QM9qm0j1aBL_QVsGW2xJL9nz66VT2Sdi7bgEzRkcLmUsZPOWD6O9RQuEq/s466/Ball_How-life-works.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="303" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKV7RLB5zrIGHDUtk0qOV7lWTpMJyrQJoKwIr6jzJrgMDPa27Cz3CvsWv5kClLWMmL7YDAraFh0qo3WGi0Ohob6EENb4db3aywisWqxCN-lzEYQmvEprtJ8k1IYSKU9JLkky5QM9qm0j1aBL_QVsGW2xJL9nz66VT2Sdi7bgEzRkcLmUsZPOWD6O9RQuEq/w130-h200/Ball_How-life-works.jpg" width="130" /></a></span>
</div>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">"The aim of this book is to show why these metaphors are inadequate, why
they need replacing, and why we will not understand how life works until we
do. It also attempts to sketch out what might be put in their place."
(Prologue, <i>How Life Works</i>, Philip Ball, 2024). </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">To explain 'How life works' is an extremely ambitious venture with a
2000 year history. But first: what are these metaphors? For example this
one: DNA is 'the secret of life'. The Human Genome is said to be 'our own
instruction book' and 'The Book of Life'. But according to Ball this is like
looking into a dictionary to understand literature. My impression is that
Ball is throwing 'the dictionary' (DNA, the genome) out the window. But we
haven't even finished completing the dictionary, we don't know how many
words there are and how the words are used.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">My problem with Ball is that he overreacts in such an extreme degree that
he tries to doubt the importance of the discovery of the structure of DNA by
Watson and Crick in 1953 (see my
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-secret-of-life-according-to-philip.html" target="_blank">previous blog</a>). Tellingly, </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Ball relegates the 1962 Nobel Prize for DNA to a footnote.
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">I can't say it better than </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Bergstrom and Dugatkin in</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
their most recent <i>Evolution</i> textbook:</span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p>
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<a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Bergstrom-Dugatkin3_130x157.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="157" data-original-width="130" height="157" src="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Bergstrom-Dugatkin3_130x157.jpg" width="130" /></a>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Bergstrom,Dugatkin (2023)</span><br />
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><blockquote>
"For the better part of the past 4 billion years, desoxyribonucleic acid
-DNA- has been the chemical underpinning of life on Earth. At a very basic
level, it is changes in DNA sequences and DNA expression that underlie the
process of biological evolution by driving changes in phenotype and causing
differences in fitness."
</blockquote></span>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">After a description of the Watson-Crick structure of DNA they
continue:</span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">"Pause for a moment and consider what is encapsulated into those last six
sentences: It is a triumph of modern biology that we are capable of
describing the stuff of life in such succinct terms." [2]
</span>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Furthermore, </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">we have good reasons to claim that DNA is the only molecule capable of
sustaining life and giving rise to millions of species. There are no known
rivals. There is no alternative. It would be a huge error to dismiss DNA to
explain life on earth. <br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Ball is not the first scientist to claim that DNA is not 'the secret of
life'. Nearly 30 years ago Stuart Kauffman wrote:<br /></span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">"Life does not depend on the magic of Watson-Crick base pairing or any
other specific template-replicating machinery." [3]<br /></span>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Nick Lane (2022) wrote: "</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">genes did not 'invent' metabolism, but the reverse." [4], others have similar views [6].</span><br />
</p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">One can't discuss biology and evolutionary biology if one doesn't get DNA
right. Philip Ball downgrades DNA to an extreme degree. But both emphasizing
and de-emphasizing DNA too much is a bad thing. Emphasizing DNA too much
only occurs with claims like "DNA is the blueprint of life" [5] and "DNA
copies itself", "DNA self-replication", "Gene self-replication". Let's have
a closer look. </span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Biologists know that these statements are only true in the cellular
environment. Just as <b>viruses</b> can't self-replicate, 'our' DNA can't
'self-replicate'. DNA needs enzymes (polymerases) to replicate. Viruses need enzymes to replicate. This view creates a unity between viruses and 'our own' DNA. There is only a gradual difference in usefulness for the host (some claim that there are useful viruses). <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">No biologist
ever said DNA is alive. It is a big but dead polymer. It's an archive, a library. Biologists know that DNA
on its own is not sufficient to explain life. The reason is that life
consists of three interconnected subsystems: a hereditary system (DNA,RNA),
an energy producing subsystem (metabolism) and a boundary system
(membrane):<br /></span>
</p>
<p></p>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcJjDW_v0T5lK_CN1pUgWKB0mrJlk9WhmPa9Dgrl8-BOWAtKLC9GDEuhJoZ5POESpXl1YKdSPfg8_STs3adbB6A0Af0qzmy_gpAOX93v5nEl5Jfoete8SZepYZ-w1nGa-ouEEftLuXpupUpGn_uUluerBNk6N6bffoe9KnQi22yL6wHABDcqNhaKrZzYWu/s394/Ganti-chemoton.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="332" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcJjDW_v0T5lK_CN1pUgWKB0mrJlk9WhmPa9Dgrl8-BOWAtKLC9GDEuhJoZ5POESpXl1YKdSPfg8_STs3adbB6A0Af0qzmy_gpAOX93v5nEl5Jfoete8SZepYZ-w1nGa-ouEEftLuXpupUpGn_uUluerBNk6N6bffoe9KnQi22yL6wHABDcqNhaKrZzYWu/w169-h200/Ganti-chemoton.png" width="169" /></a>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The 3 parts of life according to
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Tibor Gánti [</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">1]<br />1. chemical motor system = metabolism <br />2. chemical
boundary system = cell membrane<br />
3. chemical information system = heredity, DNA</span></span><br />
</td>
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</table>
<br /><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">It is immediately clear from this diagram that <i>by definition</i> only
the total system can be called alive. DNA is a subsystem. So, it follows
from the logic of this definition of life that DNA isn't alive. Furthermore,
I didn't realize until now that </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">our
own DNA </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">depends just as much as <b>viruses</b> on the cellular environment to do anything at all. I didn't see it
in that way before. Viruses aren't alive. DNA isn't alive. Interestingly, it
follows also that 'our' DNA is a kind of 'parasite' of the cell. The
cell, our cells are its hosts. So, not just DNA sequences such as
transposons are parasitic. Paradoxically, the whole genome is a 'parasite'. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">A parasite requires a host. We are the host. Did I just rediscover Dawkins'
<i>selfish gene</i> concept? </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">By the way, the 'parasitic'
nature of DNA is also the reason it can't be involved in the origin of life.
In that sense DNA can't be the start of life. <br /></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/vicious_circle.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="200" height="168" src="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/vicious_circle.jpg" width="200" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">vicious circle</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<br /><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">In </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">the cellular environment </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">DNA is not 'the start of everything', <i>despite the fact</i> that
according to </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Crick's famous 'Central Dogma' </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">information flows from DNA to protein. That may be confusing for some. DNA
is not the start of everything in the cell. A circle has no starting point. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Proteins are always required </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">In the processes of DNA-replication, DNA transcription, mRNA splicing and
translation. Those proteins must be present and have been synthesized
earlier on. Indeed they have been synthesized on the basis of information in
DNA. And in order to read <i>that</i> information enzymes have to be
present...etc. That's the circle. </span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Strictly speaking genes do not 'control' development, because that suggests
an <i>active</i> involvement of genes. Genes do not express themselves, they
are being expressed. I agree with Ball's criticism that genes are not <b>actively doing anything</b> [6]. That's a gain.</span>
</p>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">However, Ball's main point is that in order to understand 'how life works' one
must understand the biochemical and physical forces involved in the cell and
the organism. In the chapters Networks, Cells, Tissue, Bodies, Rethinking medicine, dozens of
genes pop up again and again:</span><br />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Src, Int1, TNF, bicoid, caudal, even-skipped, Hunchback, Giant, Kruppel, Dkk2, Dkk4, FGF,
Sonic hedgehog, HoxD13, FGFR3, EDAR, Hsp90, Notch, Otx, Hex, Wnt, Nodal,
E-cadherin, SHH, Shroom, myosin II, NF1, NF2, chordin, BMP, </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">TGF-β,</span> <span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Gata1, Gata2,
GPU.1, Sinr, SinI, Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, Klf4, FBn1, CFTR, TSLP, CTLA4, IL6R, HBB, SRY, Sox9, SF1, APP, BRCA1, BRCA2, p53, ZIC4, ...</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Conclusion:<br /></span>
</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">If you can't tell a DNA-free, gene-free story, then don't pretend you
can. </span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">If you do tell a </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">DNA-free, gene-free story, then what is its relevance to biology?</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">If you need genes to tell your story, give them a proper place in your
story. <br /></span>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">For example Ball writes in chapter 8: </span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">"The discovery of 'patterning genes' for the early body plan transformed
our understanding of how genes affect development, and won Nüsslein-Volhard
and Wieschaus the 1995 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine". </span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="COMING TO LIFE" height="302" src="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Coming-to-life.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="COMING TO LIFE" width="200" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (2006)<br />Coming to Life<br />How Genes Drive Development</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Indeed! There you have it. According to the </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1995/nusslein-volhard/facts/" target="_blank">Nobel Prize website</a></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
they "succeeded </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">in identifying and classifying the 15 genes that direct the cells to form a
new fly." So, 1) it's all about genes, 2) if genes are the words of the
dictionary, then they discovered <i>the meaning</i> of those words. T</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">hose 'blueprint-geneticists' discovered which genes are used in the
early embryonic development, and when and where they are used. They
discovered not only isolated words, but the context in which they are used.
They are making significant progress in understanding important sentences of
the 'language of life' (Francis Collins: 'the language of God'). It is part
of 'how life works'.</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> This research is opening the black box of development (see Fig. 2.1 in Ball's book).</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Anyway, there are no gradients without gene products. Alan Turing invoked
hypothetical <i>morphogens</i> and gradients. Those </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">'blueprint-geneticists' </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">proved that <i>morphogens</i> do exist. Just as those </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">'blueprint-geneticists' have proven that Mendels hypothetical factors do
exist. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">That is science. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">That is progress.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">There is a lot more to say. But this is enough for today. I invited a
physicist to comment on the physical aspects of
<i>How Life Works</i>.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Postscript: a contradiction<br /></span></h2><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">2 March</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">I discovered a few sentences in chapter 9 which seem to nullify everything Ball wrote in chapter 2 against the importance of DNA: </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">"we each have within us a deep evolutionary memory embodied in our genomes. If these are not blueprints, they nevertheless do encode information shaped and inherited over eons that is indispensable to our information." </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">chapter 9. </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">17/123</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span></span></blockquote><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Well, in essence this is identical to my quote from Bergstrom-Dugatkin. ('eons' is in fact 3.5 billion years). Here, Ball describes the indispensability of DNA! Does it matter whether DNA is called a 'blueprint' or 'indispensable information'? What's the difference? He continues: <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">"To what extent life is dictated by this Darwinian memory and to what extent it can draw on spontaneous ordering mechanisms is one of the central questions for understanding how it works." </span></span></blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Indeed, that seems to be the central question of the book <i>How Life Works</i>. It's all about the relative importance of DNA and spontaneous order. Both are indispensable. Then, why write a whole book to downplay DNA? Maybe, the consensus view in biology is that DNA is the most important cause of the creation of an organism?<br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span><br />
</p>
<p></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Notes</span>
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Tibor Gánti (2003) <i>The Principles of Life. </i>See:
<a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof66.htm" target="_blank">my review</a>. Ball points out that a living entity must have a boundary of some kind </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">(Ch 9. 83/123)</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><i> <br /></i></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
Bergstrom, Dugatkin (2023)</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
<i>Evolution</i>, </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">p 189</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">. (textbook) see
<a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/index.htm#textbooks" target="_blank">my website</a>.</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Stuart Kauffman (1995) 'At Home in the Universe. The Search for Laws of
Self-Organization and Complexity' (<a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/kortho32.htm#par5" target="_blank">my review</a>). Ball doesn't mention Kauffman's book.</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Nick Lane (2022)
<i>Transformer: The Deep Chemistry of Life and Death.</i>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
No biologist uses 'Blueprint of life' literally. That's impossible: DNA is
a linear sequence. A cell is 3-dimensional object. In a review of
<i>How Life Works</i> Denis Noble wrote "It’s time to admit that genes are
not the blueprint for life" (<i><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00327-x" target="_blank">Nature</a></i>). Fine, what are genes really?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Ball quotes Richard Lewontin (1992): "Not only is DNA incapable of making copies of itself, but it is incapable of 'making' anything else." (end of Chapter 2) [<span style="color: red;">1 March 2024</span>]</span>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Previous blogs</span>
</h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-secret-of-life-according-to-philip.html" target="_blank">The Secret of Life according to Philip Ball</a>, 19 Feb 2024</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2024/02/whats-wrong-with-dna-centric-view.html" target="_blank">What's wrong with a DNA-centric view? Philip Ball (2024) How Life
works</a>, 12 Feb 2024.</span></span><br />
</li>
</ul>
<ol style="text-align: left;"></ol>
<p></p>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-65854702480776481922024-02-19T12:15:00.040+01:002024-03-11T10:59:18.489+01:00The Secret of Life according to Philip Ball. <p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">In this blog I discuss two remarkable statements I encountered in Philip
Ball's <i>How Life Works.</i> The first is about Watson and Crick's
proposal for the structure of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and 'the secret
of life'. The second is about the ENCODE project. That's enough for
today.</span></span><br />
</p>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7kJ5ewGUcXqAN0n1Sk1NiCokTtd4B6oXhXeaj28JrLRwgle5q6gxzuregpU6mk5b1xv_c9SgF8N7EXuwcUbIqXZTaZxKSY3jsLPpJz4FZSy3HQl461JZEPMunBDxhuZKPAVYnPkw01drI7x7lZgZp6BgspILplbJbFMaDW2ymFPOiRRrOWiVQREePSBLj/s599/DNA-The-Secret-Of-Life.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="586" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7kJ5ewGUcXqAN0n1Sk1NiCokTtd4B6oXhXeaj28JrLRwgle5q6gxzuregpU6mk5b1xv_c9SgF8N7EXuwcUbIqXZTaZxKSY3jsLPpJz4FZSy3HQl461JZEPMunBDxhuZKPAVYnPkw01drI7x7lZgZp6BgspILplbJbFMaDW2ymFPOiRRrOWiVQREePSBLj/w391-h400/DNA-The-Secret-Of-Life.jpeg" width="391" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Plaque 'DNA The Secret of Life' </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> [1]</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Here is the first quote:</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span>
</p>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Some consider the discovery of DNA's double helix to be the most important
scientific discovery of the twentieth century. It's not clear how a
meaningful ranking of that sort could ever truly be made, but the work
certainly launched the genetic age." (chapter 2).<br /></span>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In these two remarkable sentences Ball tries to downplay the importance
of the discovery of the structure of DNA.
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Some consider...?</i> At least the five members of the Nobel Prize
committee in Sweden awarded the structure of DNA with the 1962 Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine.
<i>
It's not clear how a meaningful ranking of that sort could ever truly be
made?</i>
Do I understand him right? Is he really suggesting that the structure of
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) does not deserve a Nobel Prize? [<b><span style="color: red;">6</span></b>]. Ball must be
the first scientist suggesting such a thing. If it is impossible to compare and rank the discovery of DNA with other discoveries, why bring it up at all? It is an odd way to suggest that rewarding it with a Nobel Prize is completely arbitrary. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>The work certainly launched the genetic age?</i> This must be the
understatement of the century. A quick search for Nobel prizes concerning
DNA results in about 20 prizes! [5]. The most well-known are: the genetic
code (1968), restriction enzymes</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
(1978), DNA sequencing (1980), recombinant DNA (1980), mobile genetic
elements (1983), PCR (1993), split genes (1993), DNA repair (2015),
CRISPR/Cas9 (2020).<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ball is certainly right that there is more to life than DNA (see my
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2024/02/whats-wrong-with-dna-centric-view.html" target="_blank">previous blog</a>). And probably he has good reasons for de-emphasizing the relative
importance of DNA in the biochemistry of the cell and in the development of an organism. That is one thing.
However, it is quite another thing to retroactively cast doubt on the importance of the discovery of DNA. The Nobel Prize was awarded for the scientific merit of the
discovery of the structure of DNA, not for 'discovering the secret of
life'
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> [4]</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">. </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Now 'the secret of life': </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span>
</p>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"A lesser-known fabrication, however, is Watson's claim (which he only
recently admitted was pure invention) that when he and Crick finally
realized what the structure of DNA molecule must be, Crick regaled the
occupants of The Eagle pub in Cambridge, the duo's favorite watering hole,
with the claim that they had discovered 'the secret of life'."
(chapter 2).</span></span>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">In the eBook version I could not find any source for 'Watson's recently
admission', but I found in Francis Crick (1990) <i>What Mad Pursuit</i>,
<br /></span>
</p>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"I think we realized almost immediately that we had stumbled onto something
important. According to Jim, I went into the Eagle, the pub across the road
where we lunched every day, and told everyone that we'd discovered the
secret of life. <b>Of that I have no recollection.</b>" (chapter 6)</span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">which is good evidence that Watson's story is wrong. But, Crick could have
forgotten it. Furthermore, in his book <i>The secret of life</i> </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Howard Markel (2021) </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">refers </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">to this blog:
<a href="https://whyevolutionistrue.com/2016/06/08/happy-100th-birthday-francis-crick-1916-2004/" target="_blank">Happy 100th birthday, Francis Crick (1916-2004)</a>
which was written by Matthew Cobb:</span>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"Watson’s own description of the discovery of the structure of DNA did not
contain any striking new revelations, with one exception. He finally
admitted that when he wrote in The Double Helix that Crick strode into the
Eagle pub and proclaimed ‘We have discovered the secret of life’, this was
not true. Watson said he made it up, for dramatic effect. Crick always
denied saying any such thing." June 8, 2016 [2].</span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">In the past I have written
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/p/a-selection-of-posts-about-dna.html" target="_blank">many blogs</a>
about the extraordinary and surprising properties of DNA and I could add
several more. For now, here are a few remarks about the importance of DNA
for evolutionary biologists. Firstly, evolution is the modification of DNA.
It is rewriting the code. If genes do not change during evolution how can
new species originate? How can species adapt? Secondly, if any modification
of metabolism –no matter how useful it may be– is not encoded in DNA,
it is lost forever. Metabolism is necessary for life. The laws of chemistry
and physics determine 'how life works', but they don't need to be encoded in
DNA. Without a carrier of hereditary information there would be nobody
contemplating the secret of life [3]. There would be no human beings at all.
Whether you like it or not, life on earth is based on DNA.<br /></span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">My second remark is about a few curious statements about ENCODE:</span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">"Just how much of that noncoding DNA really makes a difference is another
matter. It's probably not <b>80 percen</b>t - ENCODE member Bradly Bernstein
guesses that <b>30 percent</b> might be a more realistic figure.' (chapter
3).
</span>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">That's only a small difference: 80% or 30%! I leave that up to Larry
Moran.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: small;">28 Feb: </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: small;">Note 6 about 1962 Nobel prize added.<br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: small;"><br /></span>
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Notes</h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.cambridgeppf.org/faqs/announcement-of-the-discovery-of-dna" target="_blank">Secret of Life Plaque at The Eagle Inn</a>
(Cambridge): it really exists! </span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
I still can't trace the exact location of 'Watson's admission'. Ball did
not give a source.
</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">So, what Watson and Crick ultimately discovered was the (nearly)
universal language of life on earth, the language of DNA, which is
evidence for common descent of all life. </span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">If the discovery of the structure of DNA is not the most important
scientific discovery</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">of the twentieth century</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">, then it's no big deal that Rosalind Franklin did not receive the Nobel
Prize for her contribution. See also:
<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-01313-5" target="_blank">What Rosalind Franklin truly contributed to the discovery of DNA’s
structure</a>. [<span style="color: red;">22 Feb 2024</span>] </span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine/" target="_blank">All Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine</a>,
<a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-chemistry/" target="_blank">All Nobel Prizes in Chemistry</a>. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
[<span style="color: red;">24 Feb 2024</span>] Nobel Prizes concerning DNA (the list depends on how precisely the criteria are defined): <br /></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1957 nucleotide
co-enzymes</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1959 DNA and RNA synthesis, DNA polymerase<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1962 </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Watson-Crick structure of DNA (1953 discovery)<br /></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1966 </span><span style="font-size: small;">DNA is <span>genetic material (Hershey–Chase, 1952) **)</span><span> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1968 genetic code</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1972
ribonuclease</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1978 restriction enzymes</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1980 DNA sequencing</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1980
recombinant DNA</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1983 mobile genetic elements</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1989 catalytic
RNA</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1993 PCR</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1993 split genes</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">1995 genetic control of
development *)<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">2006 transcription</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">2006 RNA interference- gene silencing by double-stranded RNA</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">2009
telomeres</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">2015 DNA repair</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">2020 CRISPR/Cas9 **)<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">2022
paleogenomics</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">2023 mRNA covid-19 vaccins </span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></li></ul></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: small;">*) is mentioned by Ball, chapter 8. **) is mentioned in chapter 11.</span><br /><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> <br /></span>
</li>
<li> <span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Ball relegates the 1962 Nobel Prize for DNA to a footnote... [<span style="color: red;">28 Feb 2024</span>] </span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkJ9fTX7dylgOhPC4mCHLqNL0pCfKe7zj2bayFiBwCcsN9cds-9XkMpLfr77T7IhCoAOCFkC95OFKjlMMq9DTp_KNt5ozYB8y5MQir0fI01fsJlVZ8Wh7iPIvAKNqeA38gpfZ6RzvRexlCgZyiS1ihpAX7BPyaM5s-nCIyFMJyk3ttw6H6oegRfjkeV_ar/s1000/The-Eagle.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkJ9fTX7dylgOhPC4mCHLqNL0pCfKe7zj2bayFiBwCcsN9cds-9XkMpLfr77T7IhCoAOCFkC95OFKjlMMq9DTp_KNt5ozYB8y5MQir0fI01fsJlVZ8Wh7iPIvAKNqeA38gpfZ6RzvRexlCgZyiS1ihpAX7BPyaM5s-nCIyFMJyk3ttw6H6oegRfjkeV_ar/w400-h320/The-Eagle.png" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Plaque at The Eagle (Google streetview)</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtpSsEc0E8YaSzfj0hUTPV0bkI33mZcnz_Co1kzwO11_Yh6v9MoGaDxjYWkYEkE9b_cBFc6GsWhmreBmeNo8n9nZCMENaTIuELleEeX5OvlUjkMDfNYFU_tOt7ReFKfHGfv60nvPZEcD-wiQSlm6QOvdfG3deNVXj2HScUoDFFZMPs5dUTL5WffvZlb12E/s1232/The-Eagle-Inn.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1232" data-original-width="1108" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtpSsEc0E8YaSzfj0hUTPV0bkI33mZcnz_Co1kzwO11_Yh6v9MoGaDxjYWkYEkE9b_cBFc6GsWhmreBmeNo8n9nZCMENaTIuELleEeX5OvlUjkMDfNYFU_tOt7ReFKfHGfv60nvPZEcD-wiQSlm6QOvdfG3deNVXj2HScUoDFFZMPs5dUTL5WffvZlb12E/w360-h400/The-Eagle-Inn.png" width="360" /></a>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">The Eagle, Cambridge (Google streetview)</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj050_c4LgTEv2-9Mcv8DGZt7sgbf6sgSlUjHYPGKlF-RzzsCcVeGY_FV9ECbdWIauRExVtKse9lYpVJMS7WI6jZOvw23YJuQvXlX-rFz8AstQXXtNE8O3ZEOrvRRrA-4sI0DSztshjA5eCK0BuSVsrPehnS4sqT4GaARKdQ1F7t-jdKK6526vTxFnhN3xl/s1070/Franklin-Wilkins-Building.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="908" data-original-width="1070" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj050_c4LgTEv2-9Mcv8DGZt7sgbf6sgSlUjHYPGKlF-RzzsCcVeGY_FV9ECbdWIauRExVtKse9lYpVJMS7WI6jZOvw23YJuQvXlX-rFz8AstQXXtNE8O3ZEOrvRRrA-4sI0DSztshjA5eCK0BuSVsrPehnS4sqT4GaARKdQ1F7t-jdKK6526vTxFnhN3xl/w400-h340/Franklin-Wilkins-Building.png" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London" target="_blank">King's College London</a><br />(1) Franklin-Wilkins Building</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7qMQxRBvHpy-7Y8LDLvTd78WPlB98nRXqkuEbI7A6DOZR-ltA0ejl1TWjXyES0YohClIlh4qEYy1B2kU00QWkgf4v9N2r8MfchdEuMUCIATKLSMuZp-V-okiHpaDuMb1Gsf2ViSNctGVQ-qgmec4ZsB_hMoQHtVivuZ7c7y-VW_knRgaEDjxVZpYs9a_7/s1502/Franklin%20-Photo-51.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1502" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7qMQxRBvHpy-7Y8LDLvTd78WPlB98nRXqkuEbI7A6DOZR-ltA0ejl1TWjXyES0YohClIlh4qEYy1B2kU00QWkgf4v9N2r8MfchdEuMUCIATKLSMuZp-V-okiHpaDuMb1Gsf2ViSNctGVQ-qgmec4ZsB_hMoQHtVivuZ7c7y-VW_knRgaEDjxVZpYs9a_7/w400-h230/Franklin%20-Photo-51.png" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(2) Franklin and Photo 51</span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1WgrGei2qOwnnNsU0JMdY4gFc1qGugtDSW0bosG3h_kX3FFPmy2fWSYkJL8XztPumI_KMnm6TsZzI73T5HNx4YxZbfo_cSEnu57EcGuR509Cc8K2k010Ea0d4IR9vZtWgOe9PxhbmuGWQEVBx43WFZZQ7ilzmPabRir-5ldPVLc3iGqY4Lk3urF_LWUOZ/s1348/Wilkins-Clearly-a-helix.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="906" data-original-width="1348" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1WgrGei2qOwnnNsU0JMdY4gFc1qGugtDSW0bosG3h_kX3FFPmy2fWSYkJL8XztPumI_KMnm6TsZzI73T5HNx4YxZbfo_cSEnu57EcGuR509Cc8K2k010Ea0d4IR9vZtWgOe9PxhbmuGWQEVBx43WFZZQ7ilzmPabRir-5ldPVLc3iGqY4Lk3urF_LWUOZ/w400-h269/Wilkins-Clearly-a-helix.png" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">(3) Wilkins. Clearly a helix</span><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(4) The Double Helix</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">The Francis Crick Institute, London</span><br />
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<p>(pictures Google streetview)</p>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-61932009583883951472024-02-12T10:11:00.007+01:002024-03-03T10:05:13.477+01:00What's wrong with a DNA-centric view? Philip Ball (2024) How Life works
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwuiPlsgm65xZbV6vrdo-X_9M18q-bs-NjCeoxX6auWRFMioGaBortcH8N7F0Ih7Gf6DSVWXwAzxSzEJTLUB79ZNY62Sb2-s1VE-sfmW99A1Zc8zCOwgYbELZQapnSKZVSK1XFGoJn_3hwHG06ITQDWPNNz3g6dJpAaMP-F5eU8AV9-Do2JCpJZOcIOk9X/s466/Ball_How-life-works.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="303" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwuiPlsgm65xZbV6vrdo-X_9M18q-bs-NjCeoxX6auWRFMioGaBortcH8N7F0Ih7Gf6DSVWXwAzxSzEJTLUB79ZNY62Sb2-s1VE-sfmW99A1Zc8zCOwgYbELZQapnSKZVSK1XFGoJn_3hwHG06ITQDWPNNz3g6dJpAaMP-F5eU8AV9-Do2JCpJZOcIOk9X/s320/Ball_How-life-works.jpg" width="208" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Philip Ball: How Life Works</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">In his new book <i>How life works</i> science writer Philip Ball makes
fun of the gene-centric and DNA-centric view of biology. The figure below illustrates this view. First, there is DNA, then complex stuff happens,
and then ... there is life. What's wrong with that view?</span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfCfMvz1fXsPooFhq-5pIp6GC1_Z_9LmWNsKHD8nozULxPH9mZZTkAxxSxROt892vgnblFTjxRBjyFUSb1cvj9_6DV7EN5XJ6rw9cgwbScOdUVf4fYxhNG-RAjAbd-LeyaqQlUQ50UGZrqfimp7HBoWqaj6tLB7zSSva3gpTokKnIDPhK4rUvnVnYLYbJ/s800/Phillip-Ball-figure2-4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="471" data-original-width="800" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfCfMvz1fXsPooFhq-5pIp6GC1_Z_9LmWNsKHD8nozULxPH9mZZTkAxxSxROt892vgnblFTjxRBjyFUSb1cvj9_6DV7EN5XJ6rw9cgwbScOdUVf4fYxhNG-RAjAbd-LeyaqQlUQ50UGZrqfimp7HBoWqaj6tLB7zSSva3gpTokKnIDPhK4rUvnVnYLYbJ/w400-h235/Phillip-Ball-figure2-4.jpg" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">The black box. The popular view of how genes create living things</span><br />
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</p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">According to Ball understanding genes will not enable us to understand life. Genes are not alive, cells and organisms are alive. Genes were never alive. If there is anything like a language of life, it will not be found in the genome. The genome as a "blueprint" for the creation of an organism is a favourite but misleading metaphor. There is no 'book of life'. DNA is no 'instruction book'. In biology every explanation starts with DNA. But according to Ball, it is trying to understand literature with a dictionary. (In my opinion, you can't learn a language without learning the words first! And that is what biologists are doing!). The complete sequence of the human genome did not produce insight in what life is. It is more complicated than that. DNA doesn't solve all the problems of biology. DNA doesn't tell us how cells work. The cell is not a machine. The cell is not a computer. </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">No computer today works as cells do. The problem is we put genes at the start and bodies at the end. Genes are not a sufficient explanation of the organism. </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">DNA is not the Master. DNA is the servant. </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">That is Ball's new view of biology. In short. <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">My reaction is: There are good reasons to start with DNA. Crick's so-called Central Dogma of molecular biology (the illustration is in Balls' book) <i>starts</i> with DNA for a good reason. The information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. The defining property of the central dogma is: <i>directionality</i>. The information flows from DNA to proteins, not from proteins to DNA. Crick's central dogma starts with DNA because that is how information flows. There isn't a process in the cell that creates DNA. DNA isn't the endpoint. So, necessarily DNA must be the starting point. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Secondly, Darwin had a very speculative and wrong theory about heredity. We now know that DNA is the carrier of heredity. Not proteins. DNA is by far the most important substance that is transmitted from parents to children. It explains why children are similar to their parents. Delete DNA from the egg cell and forget about the baby. The complete DNA sequence of a species defines the species. It is the difference between us and chimpanzees. Humans produce humans, chimps produce chimps because of different genomes. All this is not denied by Ball, but he isn't impressed by this kind of biological knowledge.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I think, we should not underestimate the enormous progress in scientific understanding of life, heredity and evolution. If we have a look at the history of biology since Aristotle, we can certainly claim that we finally know what Mendelian genes are, finally we know what chromosomes are made of, finally we can link genes and chromosomes and explain Mendelian laws in molecular and chromosomal terms, finally we know that species are characterized by the number of chromosomes, equally that males and females differ in their chromosomes, finally we understand sex in chromosomal terms, </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">finally we know that genes, not proteins, are the material basis of heredity, </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">finally we know the chemical structure of DNA (Watson & Crick), finally we know precisely how genes code for proteins (the genetic code), finally we know the complete sequence of the genetic material in an individual (the genome), finally we know in biochemical detail what mutations are, finally we know that mutations are necessary for natural selection and evolution. We can now explain many genetic diseases. We can even correct some of them. These are powerful scientific explanations previous generations of scientists only dreamed of. </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This is a tremendous scientific progress fully comparable to what Newton and Einstein did for the physical sciences. Ball seems to forget all this. </span></span><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">In chapter 2 Ball points out that despite all our new knowledge of genes and genomes, biologists still don't understand life. But hold on, which of the natural sciences could claim complete understanding of the field they study? Furthermore, is it really true that </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">progress in molecular biology is slowing down? Or has come to a standstill? Is there really a crisis?<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/darwin1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="86" data-original-width="90" height="86" src="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/darwin1.jpg" width="90" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">12 Feb 1809<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></div><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">What about evolution? <br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">"I must stress there is nothing in this new view that conflicts with the neo-Darwinian idea that evolution shapes us and all other organisms and that it depends on the genetic transmission of information between parent and offspring. However, in this new view genes are not selfish and authoritarian dictators. They don't possess any real agency at all, for they can accomplish nothing alone." (Prologue) .</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">No real agency? Accomplish nothing alone? Viruses like SARS-CoV-2 know that very well. They absolutely need the help of the human host. They can accomplish nothing alone. Without the help of humans SARS-CoV-2 could not have caused a pandemic. <br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p>Note. In a next blog I will continue writing about <i>How Life Works</i>. </p>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Ball" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a> about Philip Ball: Ball holds a degree in chemistry from Oxford and a doctorate in physics from Bristol University.<br /><p>
</p>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-81892836189673563912024-01-31T11:00:00.035+01:002024-02-16T13:52:26.069+01:00Zonnepanelen installeren met Eigen Huis, Solar Concept, Longi Solar, Enphase. <h3 style="text-align: left;">Opbrengst zonnepanelen in de winter</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKgNvNOwDHT5vW_HWinWbWFHyKkOmwhOT0eug_M3dWn6qYS8SPN22L3LTSLWSpoWMJUa2YR8yRK90wflcn8x4ZKTWnTgUzYoYB0L2t1yXyxTDgGiJ233ufFHmKQfphR-5PJ-sdjKWJrv2JQGQfC1rahpVrfZeqKmxOwiVF-2CXKodnzESl5lVohc1-xaqe/s2334/opbrengst9jan2024.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="912" data-original-width="2334" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKgNvNOwDHT5vW_HWinWbWFHyKkOmwhOT0eug_M3dWn6qYS8SPN22L3LTSLWSpoWMJUa2YR8yRK90wflcn8x4ZKTWnTgUzYoYB0L2t1yXyxTDgGiJ233ufFHmKQfphR-5PJ-sdjKWJrv2JQGQfC1rahpVrfZeqKmxOwiVF-2CXKodnzESl5lVohc1-xaqe/w400-h156/opbrengst9jan2024.jpg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">9 jan 2024 opbrengst: 3,5 kWh</span>
<span style="font-size: medium;">
(<a href="https://www.homewizard.com/nl/" target="_blank">HomeWizard</a>) (1)<br /></span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sinds 20 november 2023 hebben wij zonnepanelen. Op 9 januari 2024 was het
's nachts -5°C en overdag rond het vriespunt, maar de hele dag zon. Dat
leverde in totaal 3,5 kWh op! Niet slecht. Op de grafiek zie je een
ochtend piek (Zuid-Oost panelen achterkant) en een kleinere middag piek
(Noord-West panelen voorkant) en daartussen een klein dalletje. De hele
dag zon is ideaal om het verschil te zien tussen de ZO en NW panelen. Op
half-bewolkte dagen is er teveel variatie om een keurige dubbele piek te
zien. Ik had verwacht dat rond ongeveer 15 uur een diep dal zou zijn, want
dan staat de zon het meest ongunstig voor beide kanten van het dak. Maar
dat lijkt dus erg mee te vallen. Beide kanten van het dak krijgen dan nog
redelijk wat zonlicht. Eigenlijk heb je dus de hele dag opbrengst.</span></span><br />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hoe erg is sneeuw op de panelen? <br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Op 15 januari lag er een dun laagje sneeuw op de panelen. Wonder boven
wonder produceren ze nog steeds 2-3 Wh. Dat kan oplopen tot 26Wh
(cumulatief). Sneeuw is een ideale omstandigheid om te testen wat het
effect van zo'n dun laagje sneeuw is op de opbrengst. Ik heb 1 paneel
sneeuwvrij gemaakt. Ik kan daar makkelijk bij vanuit de dakkapel. De
andere twee zijn de controle. Uit het Enphase diagram blijkt dat 1 paneel
van de drie 63 Wh en en de twee naastliggende besneeuwde panelen
25-26 Wh produceren. Een verschil van ruim 2x zoveel!</span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5_vDUNj_8SKHWMhkz8z5Hj3VmuzPWGKUSyHcx7ZCu1euSsaRUIRVyr1ljGx0Z10oMgU7nfeFXPffVm8e38Kc-Nvmk6lA-MMHVhWqZrCVJ88NFoQgsREYVoedyFIDZqVhVSq4xCcy6KGNqZ6iDpd7z9eTQYNOp0oMgDZ_r-_cashodzd7ouXDrDthnaKVd/s1000/zonnepanelen-sneeuw.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5_vDUNj_8SKHWMhkz8z5Hj3VmuzPWGKUSyHcx7ZCu1euSsaRUIRVyr1ljGx0Z10oMgU7nfeFXPffVm8e38Kc-Nvmk6lA-MMHVhWqZrCVJ88NFoQgsREYVoedyFIDZqVhVSq4xCcy6KGNqZ6iDpd7z9eTQYNOp0oMgDZ_r-_cashodzd7ouXDrDthnaKVd/s320/zonnepanelen-sneeuw.jpg" width="320" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">15 januari 2024: 1 paneel sneeuwvrij gemaakt</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFJOy5obeuvSR8c-tY6IvdVsmTrC-0p6X_2QHPGwEUvK7Z_tiwWesSqha4JgHG_JcHs1H1uClu115n9zrqk7FtJp0ab8k27tou2-zhDChda1iNX2qVm17fAYTXlIOlK0LmYp1H8zgdIlneZmWKfKSFJg41RgDHrEQmeCo-4pXpVl0ElhIaZD-JWBe5_4M9/s510/25-tov-63Wh.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="402" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFJOy5obeuvSR8c-tY6IvdVsmTrC-0p6X_2QHPGwEUvK7Z_tiwWesSqha4JgHG_JcHs1H1uClu115n9zrqk7FtJp0ab8k27tou2-zhDChda1iNX2qVm17fAYTXlIOlK0LmYp1H8zgdIlneZmWKfKSFJg41RgDHrEQmeCo-4pXpVl0ElhIaZD-JWBe5_4M9/s320/25-tov-63Wh.png" width="252" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Opbrengst panelen volgens ENPHASE: 25, 26 en
<b>63</b> Wh.<br />standaard kompas oriëntatie (als google
luchtfoto)</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bovendien blijkt het sneeuwvrije paneel precies te corresponderen met het
63Wh paneel in het Enphase diagram (zie screenshot hierboven).
<span>Het diagram komt dus exact overeen met de werkelijkheid. Wat dit
betreft is het dus een goede applicatie. Leuk om te weten bij storingen.
Alternatieve methodes
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>om te controleren of het diagram exact correspondeert met de
werkelijkheid
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>zoals een kleed over 1 paneel te leggen zijn een stuk lastiger. Sneeuw
maakt een elegant experiment mogelijk. </span>De verklaring is dat panelen in principe individueel herkenbaar zijn
doordat ze ieder hun eigen omvormer hebben. </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhpUZQsuSA-AGx-zPDOhLiTsrlqJou9PyDhigVnwWrAbwuqDGrQT3L7N5yQydVUGgiZqIs4fjZhWWw_Wy1ThDFh4Zqxu8TjQVfLwFupT6v00aooXzS_6dzzvza8hSgWjvO-d3NwN4B4PyPit0V3x9Sj96k3QWmp-4h4SnZQpZF1lzYTjnuZpCg9K8JC5r3/s613/Enphase-1-feb-24.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="489" data-original-width="613" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhpUZQsuSA-AGx-zPDOhLiTsrlqJou9PyDhigVnwWrAbwuqDGrQT3L7N5yQydVUGgiZqIs4fjZhWWw_Wy1ThDFh4Zqxu8TjQVfLwFupT6v00aooXzS_6dzzvza8hSgWjvO-d3NwN4B4PyPit0V3x9Sj96k3QWmp-4h4SnZQpZF1lzYTjnuZpCg9K8JC5r3/w400-h319/Enphase-1-feb-24.png" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Diagram met opbrengst per paneel. 1 Feb 24 10:00 uur<br /></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Links: 6 panelen schaduw: 6x9Wh.</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Rechts: drie panelen ochtendzon: 62+69+67Wh</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><br /><span>(Enphase webapplicatie in browser)<br /></span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /> </span></span>
<p></p>
<p><br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Installatie</h2>
<p></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiglze9Jt_wETgwJsH4BkAsA1smuPIVQmyNKakR1V1TyiYKyTx-V8ucffi7dxDgWlrodQmU4mCFjFxm80ORZFCg6jZIxcHGYrl5ElRdHhbDbqzh6umPsMWvUMbMz-yQm_stZ4XmKFZ-mvuipWNhBmiWucDRpkdqDurjtkzvD30vPai10PI-pLfp9td_owhJ/s1000/zonnepanelen.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiglze9Jt_wETgwJsH4BkAsA1smuPIVQmyNKakR1V1TyiYKyTx-V8ucffi7dxDgWlrodQmU4mCFjFxm80ORZFCg6jZIxcHGYrl5ElRdHhbDbqzh6umPsMWvUMbMz-yQm_stZ4XmKFZ-mvuipWNhBmiWucDRpkdqDurjtkzvD30vPai10PI-pLfp9td_owhJ/w400-h320/zonnepanelen.png" width="400" /></a>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibmlNk72huTHMUPdZCZHfp3rUjZjIdxH1ZUsqb6Y3MMc_91HQxuvRUwsSWlN_PfHS1nliawKwY6EgkPQbNL3c4YltTB9hIqSXddvzJij0M8Wa8OZ3TEb3u_oe5Ri3YemHsMsFZ8sRGheecCmwNOQ2_sEBNYo__0ziML2Te_W5HFwd4ICxaFtKIEjgflmq1/s920/IMG_20231120_080659.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="920" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibmlNk72huTHMUPdZCZHfp3rUjZjIdxH1ZUsqb6Y3MMc_91HQxuvRUwsSWlN_PfHS1nliawKwY6EgkPQbNL3c4YltTB9hIqSXddvzJij0M8Wa8OZ3TEb3u_oe5Ri3YemHsMsFZ8sRGheecCmwNOQ2_sEBNYo__0ziML2Te_W5HFwd4ICxaFtKIEjgflmq1/w400-h245/IMG_20231120_080659.jpg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">veiligheidsnet</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Op 20 nov 23 zijn 9 zonnepanelen via
<a href="https://collectieve-inkoop-zonnepanelen.eigenhuis.nl/veh/faq" target="_blank">Collectieve inkoop zonnepanelen EIGEN HUIS</a>
en geïnstalleerd door
<a href="https://www.solarconcept.nl/" target="_blank">SOLAR CONCEPT</a>.
Eigen Huis deed de voorbereidende fase, de aanbieding, de specificatie en
het contract online. Het zijn LONGI SOLAR 430W panelen en 1 ENPHASE
omvormer/</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">optimizer</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
per paneel. Drie panelen op de achterkant (ZO) en 6 aan de voorkant (NW) van
het huis. Het wordt aanbevolen als de panelen op twee dakdelen liggen om per
paneel een omvormer te installeren. Daardoor wordt het project uiteraard
duurder.<br /></span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPT4cEmhMy0JqiHgFVH6bLhvwFoiI2SLMyANqSMZC6DYzOmWiMGDIv2VRwBP7DePR9UXpcZhsAtvN9eLD2zxnZ93fho0X3xDRKps8RwoaK-tNF4xUOBkUiAQDn1FJPQg8ztI9fFO0NWC44-rSXzBlcR-1XTpzE2Wm2g_naQaCFQCBPJrnkP2ai8O_C9sqE/s1000/IMG_20231120_084040.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="909" data-original-width="1000" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPT4cEmhMy0JqiHgFVH6bLhvwFoiI2SLMyANqSMZC6DYzOmWiMGDIv2VRwBP7DePR9UXpcZhsAtvN9eLD2zxnZ93fho0X3xDRKps8RwoaK-tNF4xUOBkUiAQDn1FJPQg8ztI9fFO0NWC44-rSXzBlcR-1XTpzE2Wm2g_naQaCFQCBPJrnkP2ai8O_C9sqE/w400-h364/IMG_20231120_084040.jpg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">LONGI 430W Solarpanel </span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span>
<p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLrxyaTnUJW7mQw_6WdHWZYpSUWfBnPjryeqypYURJ3ezY-TrwqqkDyANKIzDWRvjzE1C1iMnNp1iMvUH9MHxHwR6hfaBQSr8gUFjhyphenhyphenReg8s_Pbys18axyoD0KlCbMaX4jN2eZYRlc4g86k5n9J4UrcTwCZwBK-jql48dtUKcwxsifVxj-geZbwBjXyFkR/s1000/IMG_20231120_080234.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="669" data-original-width="1000" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLrxyaTnUJW7mQw_6WdHWZYpSUWfBnPjryeqypYURJ3ezY-TrwqqkDyANKIzDWRvjzE1C1iMnNp1iMvUH9MHxHwR6hfaBQSr8gUFjhyphenhyphenReg8s_Pbys18axyoD0KlCbMaX4jN2eZYRlc4g86k5n9J4UrcTwCZwBK-jql48dtUKcwxsifVxj-geZbwBjXyFkR/w400-h268/IMG_20231120_080234.jpg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Enphase omvormer</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Twee installateurs stonden om 7 uur voor de deur. Het was toen nog donker.
Het weer: af en toe lichte buitjes en af en toe zon. Om 9:45 waren ze klaar
met leggen van 9 panelen. </span>
<br />
</p>
<p></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGLaZmmLmRjt4z8Wb_ACXe7YOYM5EJQddVTTx59RHiSE7qecrdHiBDCkKCoKpDY43rqvM4SXGpyqpxTulQ7-kn-ZtuEBlBftyKtD5kN_mEtQti2F25hURHkF_PPHSqpKRkEuAlftL9JfPm9IJnzoZbBZ76FqfQnAzGbDEjwNfzjUO8MNzQ7Lm-wtOXgJPz/s1000/IMG_20231120_081058.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="1000" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGLaZmmLmRjt4z8Wb_ACXe7YOYM5EJQddVTTx59RHiSE7qecrdHiBDCkKCoKpDY43rqvM4SXGpyqpxTulQ7-kn-ZtuEBlBftyKtD5kN_mEtQti2F25hURHkF_PPHSqpKRkEuAlftL9JfPm9IJnzoZbBZ76FqfQnAzGbDEjwNfzjUO8MNzQ7Lm-wtOXgJPz/w400-h294/IMG_20231120_081058.jpg" width="400" /></a>
</div>
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<p></p>
<p></p>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_D4QQvy6ODIjwT9MZFVeTcANg77f9fgvh52iyDlJzIxxBLDVZVcn8aAgnRHUS3atHpP-4F8hMp4tAJCGs0PwiwOF1g00ny28lrJIWegTDiccvAr8rsOQmfA5c2mw6QrHzxZyFGnUZxnzJkh7nFsiMiHoj1XXlekUEqmCIDg8g1H-32ND9H85R9bsniAJz/s1000/IMG_20231120_093607.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="1000" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_D4QQvy6ODIjwT9MZFVeTcANg77f9fgvh52iyDlJzIxxBLDVZVcn8aAgnRHUS3atHpP-4F8hMp4tAJCGs0PwiwOF1g00ny28lrJIWegTDiccvAr8rsOQmfA5c2mw6QrHzxZyFGnUZxnzJkh7nFsiMiHoj1XXlekUEqmCIDg8g1H-32ND9H85R9bsniAJz/w400-h272/IMG_20231120_093607.jpg" width="400" /></a>
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<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">een zware klus!</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<br /><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">De elektricien kwam pas tegen 9 uur. Het bleek dat hij uit België moest
komen en hij had bovendien in de file gestaan. De installateurs wilden al
vertrekken toen de elektricien nog niet klaar was. Ze vroegen mij om te
tekenen voor het leggen van de panelen. Maar de panelen werkten toen nog
niet. Heb toch maar getekend want ze hadden immers de panelen gelegd. De
installateurs vertrokken om 10 uur. In 3 uur tijd hebben ze 9 panelen
gelegd.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">De elektricien had als taak de zonnepanelen en de omvormers aan te sluiten
op de slimme meter in de meterkast. Zie schema hieronder (heb ik van het
internet geplukt):</span>
<br />
</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMJxmT1l775D3Q10ao1A-GcAG04HKUr66n2aGwMIXf32qNGG9IdE3LWhyphenhypheneSdV9oTTUbfPOay4NuczzLOvUoO5NSIfaNXW0TiS43VMvimdvL9pFFim_CfhHAFZ6FCZtQvkhyphenhyphenopUF-apZFio9f36aKDb7ez0S1yKSiC5KBUqzfdnDyH__UsJYv_bnU9phF7v/s1120/Ombouwbestaandegroep.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1120" data-original-width="702" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMJxmT1l775D3Q10ao1A-GcAG04HKUr66n2aGwMIXf32qNGG9IdE3LWhyphenhypheneSdV9oTTUbfPOay4NuczzLOvUoO5NSIfaNXW0TiS43VMvimdvL9pFFim_CfhHAFZ6FCZtQvkhyphenhyphenopUF-apZFio9f36aKDb7ez0S1yKSiC5KBUqzfdnDyH__UsJYv_bnU9phF7v/w402-h640/Ombouwbestaandegroep.png" width="402" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">dit schema lijkt op onze situatie:<br />extra groepenkastje op
zolder<br />wasmachine en zonnepanelen op dezelfde kabel<br />naar de meterkast</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Evaluatie</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Solar Concept heeft werkende zonnepanelen opgeleverd. Het zijn best zware
panelen om die het dak op te tillen: 20 kg per stuk! Ik doe het ze niet
na. Jammer dat ze het rode dakpannengruis op de panelen niet verwijderd
hebben (zat aan hun handschoenen en kniebeschermers). </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUTesuOfiXW9pInyNsf0EvrUS0m4Ze4OeFnyJzqSIXzBmcF2C0xOdRfCQ1bFtmsCMQGkUBGmXAfliW720X3OtwK7H4hKIdFhMytlGCxzorips8MAwjgSe4voTEjadmc-8vX4C7T4YMpUQP-H3dIXbY7IYt-4-ckypmLjlIEf_zgRSnj4xfnY_3A-5YaNpP/s1176/IMG_20231120_093622.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1036" data-original-width="1176" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUTesuOfiXW9pInyNsf0EvrUS0m4Ze4OeFnyJzqSIXzBmcF2C0xOdRfCQ1bFtmsCMQGkUBGmXAfliW720X3OtwK7H4hKIdFhMytlGCxzorips8MAwjgSe4voTEjadmc-8vX4C7T4YMpUQP-H3dIXbY7IYt-4-ckypmLjlIEf_zgRSnj4xfnY_3A-5YaNpP/w400-h353/IMG_20231120_093622.jpg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">borgkabel, handschoenen en kniebeschermers<br />(personeel steunt dus
op de panelen)</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Als je toch op het dak zit is dat het ideale moment om ze even schoon te
maken, zou ik zeggen. Nieuwe panelen behoren schoon te zijn. Op 10 dec zat
het vuil nog steeds op de panelen. Het regent er niet zo maar van af. En
het heeft heel wat geregend gedurende de 3 weken na installatie. Ook
hebben ze op het dak in de motregen de bedrading in 'een soort
stopcontact'
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">(zie foto) </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">gemonteerd. Vocht in een 'stopcontact': is dat professioneel? Al met al:
ik had wat meer respect voor <i>onze</i> dure zonnepanelen verwacht. Het
is tenslotte voor ons een eenmalige grote investering waar we de komende
10 jaar mee moeten doen. Voor hen is het een routine klus.</span></span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkJuept_CV60NbxoMDAd8rajsPbsMb5pcVeZi4JqX7iGlzVOOc2DtHw1QH2xIgKfopb00zjTygBv7kuHpjPaBxa2A8FaVqesIhYrFwBJGKIAbcsQ2jc3lBUgNKcW5NU5T-xwWffEjRW0sKPdrU07XCQGZ9MhvDrAsdH9KYoaYYL8FXlu3oooJXapLv0o6y/s1017/IMG_20240128_150621.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="1017" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkJuept_CV60NbxoMDAd8rajsPbsMb5pcVeZi4JqX7iGlzVOOc2DtHw1QH2xIgKfopb00zjTygBv7kuHpjPaBxa2A8FaVqesIhYrFwBJGKIAbcsQ2jc3lBUgNKcW5NU5T-xwWffEjRW0sKPdrU07XCQGZ9MhvDrAsdH9KYoaYYL8FXlu3oooJXapLv0o6y/w400-h251/IMG_20240128_150621.jpg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Enphase kastje in de meterkast</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisWJ4d2_VbWH6Y4I3ebJqve4yZCPGQBTnghmWgTvdDrQHnk3bSoSmRmazj7xZhqcjBFv-ioKCD0O9uDOBqIm1WGFrrq4Nsl7jL4W96MdgqtKWyKVdfDk24WarTqPu_zafM1Y8Hv2G5zyaFPqLWEra1z6sbXBVgxjIKoW1sPDFx-1x2MEe6oxVmTlkpOO5r/s1212/IMG_20240128_150755.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="839" data-original-width="1212" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisWJ4d2_VbWH6Y4I3ebJqve4yZCPGQBTnghmWgTvdDrQHnk3bSoSmRmazj7xZhqcjBFv-ioKCD0O9uDOBqIm1WGFrrq4Nsl7jL4W96MdgqtKWyKVdfDk24WarTqPu_zafM1Y8Hv2G5zyaFPqLWEra1z6sbXBVgxjIKoW1sPDFx-1x2MEe6oxVmTlkpOO5r/w400-h278/IMG_20240128_150755.jpg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Helemaal links is de nieuwe 'PV stop' in de groepenkast
ingevoegd.</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidWNTY1DtCtT9QJjkQ1lf8TPmTK9-Hf37Swi3pprr0zanr9R4ivdWEzsyxB8hGr0usKyMzCeJbp1UGkBswd5iMcjQHLhShQDrsU9bdj_4hIVQi6fG5WA3BS1oAUXgTVxBmGp4GhxQ7-iu18gizx3kyIjXcSHfho4ZX_MzCQJnRBnhEk1lytXb4UnIJEu06/s1333/IMG_20231120_110248.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="1000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidWNTY1DtCtT9QJjkQ1lf8TPmTK9-Hf37Swi3pprr0zanr9R4ivdWEzsyxB8hGr0usKyMzCeJbp1UGkBswd5iMcjQHLhShQDrsU9bdj_4hIVQi6fG5WA3BS1oAUXgTVxBmGp4GhxQ7-iu18gizx3kyIjXcSHfho4ZX_MzCQJnRBnhEk1lytXb4UnIJEu06/w300-h400/IMG_20231120_110248.jpg" width="300" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Nieuw groepenkastje op zolder<br />(naast bestaand stopcontact)</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
</p>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
</p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span></span>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8E91WmmnsoxzHc3zu7c7kWOAvkLrL_dmocegCBsNqQxy1FDLxP12LMLTMovNqyucJI4AE1HjToMgDsFVRAv_bVSOB0i6O85GYQ5fJV3rXDAkhM0Q9zW6ZjyP5XRUvfRx1ubPriHVR0XNHwRWFeYEuQxIwZByAwBnqo3gtmloNNC_Vf8RWKedxnwtiojyB/s2048/Enphasekastje-zolder.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8E91WmmnsoxzHc3zu7c7kWOAvkLrL_dmocegCBsNqQxy1FDLxP12LMLTMovNqyucJI4AE1HjToMgDsFVRAv_bVSOB0i6O85GYQ5fJV3rXDAkhM0Q9zW6ZjyP5XRUvfRx1ubPriHVR0XNHwRWFeYEuQxIwZByAwBnqo3gtmloNNC_Vf8RWKedxnwtiojyB/w300-h400/Enphasekastje-zolder.jpg" width="300" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">boven: 1 kabel naar het dak (zonnepanelen)<br />+ 1 kabel naar
stopcontact er naast.<br />beneden: 1 kabel naar beneden</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span></span>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">De elektricien heeft uiteindelijk een werkend systeem opgeleverd, maar
was uitzonderlijk slecht in communicatie. Hij was erg gestrest, legde
totaal niet uit wat, hoe en waarom hij iets deed. Hij duldde geen
pottenkijkers, je kon maar beter uit de buurt blijven, reageerde
geïrriteerd wanneer je een vraag stelde! Dus totaal niet klantvriendelijk.
Bovendien was het onhandig dat hij later begon dan de panelenleggers want
die moesten een kabel van de panelen door een gat in het dak steken, en
dat kon kennelijk pas wanneer de elektricien van binnenuit een gat had
geboord op de juiste plek. Dus de panelenjongens moesten op hem wachten.
Conclusie: Solar Concept aub geen Belg inhuren voor klussen boven de
rivieren! Zeker niet zo'n klantonvriendelijke als deze.</span></span>
</p>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Wat de elektricien heeft gedaan met de groepenkast en waarom hij dat deed
is onduidelijk. Groep 7 is nu 'leeg' en vervangen door een nieuwe stop die
wasmachine en panelen combineert (?). Dus: hij installeert een
nieuwe stop en maakt een bestaande overbodig. Waarom? Of wij nog iets met
die oude groep 7 kunnen is mij onduidelijk ondanks herhaalde vragen.
Spraakverwarring. Nadat hij op de slimme meter had laten zien dat er
teruggeleverd werd (- teken) vroeg hij om handtekening. Mijn vrouw kreeg
Solar Concept cadeau met o.a. kleine powerbank, en Solar Concept sokken!
Eerlijk gezegd had ik liever dat medewerkers een
klantvriendelijkheidstraining hadden gekregen. De elektricien vertrok om
12:15. De hele klus is dus een ochtend werk.<br /> </span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXPV88YTWEF2QBh9FcAfy_XvKqaxWdCmWpHnv5EQxqJlastQ5ob9Fg7w2fIZkW9LEYQdM613PP7wSr1CZiz3E369LORrJtoXrVzYmzwR9RVQAqWw-aeyb-b-ROmfMraOCXkbdNJewD74lZEdgDM40PxRDRa2lel5oaPiF5_KvzW540PH0KxMNzVvguAQDh/s1348/IMG_20240115_125136.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1348" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXPV88YTWEF2QBh9FcAfy_XvKqaxWdCmWpHnv5EQxqJlastQ5ob9Fg7w2fIZkW9LEYQdM613PP7wSr1CZiz3E369LORrJtoXrVzYmzwR9RVQAqWw-aeyb-b-ROmfMraOCXkbdNJewD74lZEdgDM40PxRDRa2lel5oaPiF5_KvzW540PH0KxMNzVvguAQDh/s320/IMG_20240115_125136.jpg" width="237" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">een cadeautje van Solar Concept</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">We hadden enige weken voor de feitelijke installatie een zgn. 'schouwer'
van Solar Concept over de vloer gehad. Hij deed een 'inspectie'. Legde uit
wat de mogelijkheden waren, hoe de installatie, bekabeling, apparatuur
uitgevoerd zou worden. Maar de installateurs hebben het anders gedaan dan
de schouwer had gezegd:</span></span>
</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">de elektriciteitskabel van de panelen op de voorkant van het huis zijn
niet binnenshuis, maar over dak onder de dakpannen gelegd naar de
achterkant. Dat is eenvoudiger legden ze uit. (dus heb ik voor niets
hoek op zolder leeggemaakt)</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">de elektricien heeft de beschikbare groep 7 niet gebruikt, maar
vervangen door nieuwe groep in de meterkast. Waarom?</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">het is niet duidelijk of ze nu wel of niet een kabel door het
luchtcirculatie systeem gelegd hebben die in de kruipruimte uit zou
moeten komen en naar de meterkast zou moeten gaan. Mogelijk was er een
obstakel in de pijp.</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">aan de achterkant van het huis was helemaal geen steiger of ladder
nodig. De mannen hebben via een borgkabel aan hun middel de panelen op
het dak aan de achterkant van het huis gelegd.</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">dus de schouwer en de installateurs hebben verschillende opvattingen
over hoe de opdracht uitgevoerd moet worden.<br /></span></span>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.eigenhuis.nl/" target="_blank"><b>Eigen Huis</b></a>: z</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">onder Eigen Huis hadden we nu geen zonnepanelen gehad. Ze waren </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
goed in de voorbereidende fase, en deden een aantrekkelijk aanbod (de
nieuwste 430W panelen voor de prijs van 410W). Op 7 oktober waren we akkoord
met de offerte en was de aanbetaling gedaan. Dus een wachttijd van zo'n 6
weken. Op 24 dec stuurden ze een mailtje dat onze installatie werkt. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Dat hadden ze van de installateur Solar Concept vernomen. Z</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">e waren niet langs geweest, hadden niet gemaild of gebeld. Eigen Huis had
ons automatisch een tweede lidmaatschap gegeven terwijl we al lid waren. In
januari ontvingen we het leden blad dubbel ondanks ons eerder telefoontje
dat we geen dubbel lidmaatschap hoefden.<br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Eigen Huis had aanbevolen om het aantal panelen af te stemmen op het
jaarlijks energieverbruik. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Achteraf snap ik dat. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Omdat er plaats voor was op het dak had ik er drie extra besteld. Maar ik
heb nu al momenten dat ik op meer stroom produceer dan ik direct kan
gebruiken. En dus teruglever. Maar per jaar consumeer ik meer dan ik
produceer. Als ik het goed begrijp wordt alles wat ik teruglever in
mindering gebracht op wat ik verbruik op jaarbasis. Dat heet saldering heb
ik begrepen.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Tenslotte dit: van een bedrijf dat zonnepanelen legt verwacht ik dat ze
voorop lopen met elektrische bedrijfswagens. Zeker wanneer er flinke winsten
gemaakt worden zoals in de eerste helft 2023. En niet komen voorrijden in
een fossiel aangedreven bedrijfswagen met motorpech. <br /></span>
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Conclusie</span>
</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ik heb het jarenlang uitgesteld omdat ons dak niet op het zuiden ligt. Nu
zie ik dat ook panelen op het ZO en NW de hele dag zon kunnen hebben.
Bovendien verraste het me dat de panelen zelfs in de winter een aardige
opbrengst kunnen hebben. Het leukste is natuurlijk dat je zelf
stroom opwekt, en rechtstreeks je auto op kunt laden en kunt inductiekoken. Rijden en koken op eigen zonnestroom! Ongeacht
saldering [2].</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: x-small;"><span><br /></span></span>
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Noten</span>
</h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">De Enphase opbrengst van de panelen is gedefinieerd in de Homewizard
app onder 'Meters'.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Op 13 feb 2024 besloot de eerste kamer dat de salderingsregeling niet afgebouwd zou worden. (<a href="https://solarmagazine.nl/nieuws-zonne-energie/i36635/afbouw-salderingsregeling-zonnepanelen-van-de-baan-eerste-kamer-stemt-wet-weg" target="_blank">bron 1</a>, <a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/energie-thuis/vraag-en-antwoord/blijft-de-salderingsregeling-voor-zonnepanelen-bestaan" target="_blank">bron 2</a>)<br /></span></span>
</li>
</ol>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-83922320596652447242024-01-27T11:31:00.004+01:002024-02-01T10:47:43.218+01:00Consumentenbond heeft duurzaamheid verwijderd uit test smartphones<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVa16ysu7FwoL06o1Ly8sgwRN7le7S6ODmzl0j7E_rzSPonRub4povPDkb_mWp19-IqsbEjoePLPsIsN1Hlhvd8woOK2UxkFgdXZkkh9lVQBs9u5WoSZuJV_mZb4k4AQ_TN2dRWE0xTpOqfFQtBRDC1jpKNo5paW4T_UvJAFpD-qQJ-2UYPRB85ng10QDK/s3840/Consumentegids-Feb-24.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3840" data-original-width="2940" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVa16ysu7FwoL06o1Ly8sgwRN7le7S6ODmzl0j7E_rzSPonRub4povPDkb_mWp19-IqsbEjoePLPsIsN1Hlhvd8woOK2UxkFgdXZkkh9lVQBs9u5WoSZuJV_mZb4k4AQ_TN2dRWE0xTpOqfFQtBRDC1jpKNo5paW4T_UvJAFpD-qQJ-2UYPRB85ng10QDK/s320/Consumentegids-Feb-24.jpg" width="245" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Consumentengids feb 2024</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div><p></p>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">In de Consumentengids van februari 2024 is duurzaamheid weggelaten uit de
test van smartphones. </span></span>
</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Op pag 49 staat een tabel met 25 smartphones. Het testoordeel is
samengesteld uit 10 eigenschappen. Duurzaamheid zit daar niet bij. Apple
(iPhone) staat op nummer 1. Fairphone komt niet in de lijst
voor. </span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">In het zelfde nummer staat een artikel van duurzaamheids expert Jorien
van Hoogen: 'Toch niet zo groen' (pag. 44-45). In het artikel worden
verschillende bedrijven genoemd die aan greenwashing doen. Apple of
Fairphone worden niet genoemd.</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">In de smartphone test door smartphone expert Wouter Rensink: "Er zijn
nog veel meer merken, zoals Nokia, Xiaomi, Sony, Fairphone en Cat. Die
zijn minder in trek, al hebben ze wel elk hun eigen charme. Zo focust
het Nederlandse Fairphone op maatschappelijk verantwoord ondernemen."
(pag. 47).</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Op de pagina reacties van lezers (pag. 64) staat een ingezonden brief
van Matthijs Kooijmans: "Al jaren klagen jullie met enige
regelmaat (terecht!) over de korte softwareondersteuning voor
smartphones. In de Consumentengids van december lees ik een review van
de nieuwe Fairphone 5, maar tot mijn verbazing vergeten jullie te
vermelden dat deze telefoon minimaal acht jaar (en als het lukt zelfs
tien jaar) beveiligingsupdates krijgt, inclusief vijf nieuwe
Android-versies. Wat een gemiste kans! Overigens zie ik ook op de
website niets over de beloofde softwareondersteuning. Het lijkt erop dat
dit in het Testoordeel niet wordt meegenomen." <br /></span></span>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Dit is een tweetblog, een kort en snel blog met uitsluitend feiten naar
aanleiding van de actualiteit. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Postscript 31 jan 2024</h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Op 31 jan heb ik deze mail verstuurd naar de Consumentenbond:</span></span></p><p>Geachte Redactie Consumentengids,
<br />
Rubriek: Reacties (ontvangen brieven, mails en andere berichten)
<br />
<br />In de Consumentengids van februari 2024 staat een tabel met Test
smartphones.
<br />
Er zijn 10 testonderdelen: 25%+15%+15%+10%+10%+10%+5%+5%+3%+2%=100%.
<br />
In totaal dus 100%.
<br />
Duurzaamheid staat er niet bij als testonderdeel.
<br />
Gaat de Consumentenbond duurzaamheid toevoegen als een testonderdeel dat
meetelt voor het eind Testoordeel? </p><p>
Met vriendelijke groet,
<br />
Gert Korthof </p><p></p><p></p><p> </p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Postscript 1 Feb 2024</h2><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #05164c;">Geachte heer Korthof,</span></span><br /><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #05164c;"></span></span></div><p><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #05164c;">
<br />
Bedankt voor uw reactie.<br />
<br />
Op dit moment telt de duurzaamheidsscore mee bij het vaststellen van de
predicaten Beste uit de Test en Beste Koop. We zijn doorlopend bezig om
het duurzaamheidsaspect in onze testen te verbeteren. We kunnen op dit
moment nog niet toezeggen of en wanneer het oordeel een
wegingspercentage krijgt. Maar weet dat we ons hier zeker voor inzetten.<br />
<br />
Met vriendelijke groet,<br />
Consumentenbond<br />
<br />
Nienke Franzen<br />
redacteur Consumentengids<br />
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span>
</p>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-44943329944520191132024-01-17T12:18:00.012+01:002024-01-19T10:54:29.483+01:00Four cold-causing coronaviruses may provide clues to COVID's future<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9IxuWDX1NZKqWf_DfGHyvBVqCEqoAQEOaFmvl5gtwDNeyBBcRbVkXazNu3pfuMzcmsRldIpuSQFLUXJ0HYWJ3b0t5ej7yIAaMKby8so0KzuuVNNfRbZ98KZtaR_3W-nu39zEigAXxphbqtRbi_P2omoe6pB8IeMBosN7vYVQqS6rO2pw0fnoCkk3jaKq_/s1186/Cold-Coronas.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1034" data-original-width="1186" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9IxuWDX1NZKqWf_DfGHyvBVqCEqoAQEOaFmvl5gtwDNeyBBcRbVkXazNu3pfuMzcmsRldIpuSQFLUXJ0HYWJ3b0t5ej7yIAaMKby8so0KzuuVNNfRbZ98KZtaR_3W-nu39zEigAXxphbqtRbi_P2omoe6pB8IeMBosN7vYVQqS6rO2pw0fnoCkk3jaKq_/w400-h349/Cold-Coronas.png" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">the origin of 4 mild human corona viruses [<span style="color: red;">5</span>]</span>
(©Science)<br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Jon Cohen discusses 4 lesser known corona viruses in his
<i>Science</i> article</span><span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
<a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/four-cold-causing-coronaviruses-may-provide-clues-covids-future" target="_blank">Four cold-causing coronaviruses may provide clues to COVID's
future</a>. They are not well known because they did not cause a deadly pandemic.
But they are coronaviruses. He interviews the discoverers, and tries to
answer the question whether those four coronaviruses show how SARS-CoV-2
will evolve in the future.
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><br />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I made an overview of the 4 corona virus species Jon Cohen discusses in
his Science article (with links to the Wikipedia articles). Each virus has its own Wiki page:</span></span><br />
</p>
<p></p>
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E" target="_blank">229E</a> 1966 USA<br />
</td>
<td>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphacoronavirus" title="Alphacoronavirus">Alphacoronavirus</a>
genus.
</td>
<td> APN</td><td><span _ngcontent-ng-c523639496="" id="detailProp"> 27.395 b</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" target="_blank">OC43</a> 1967 USA<br />
</td>
<td>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacoronavirus_1" title="">Betacoronavirus 1</a>.
</td>
<td> Neu5Ac</td><td><span _ngcontent-ng-c523639496="" id="detailProp">30.741 b</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" target="_blank">NL63</a> 2003 Netherlands
</td>
<td>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphacoronavirus" title="Alphacoronavirus">Alphacoronavirus</a>
genus. <br />
</td>
<td> ACE2 <br /></td><td><span _ngcontent-ng-c523639496="" id="detailProp">27.553 </span>b <br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" target="_blank">HKU1</a> 2004 Hong Kong
</td>
<td>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacoronavirus" title="">Betacoronavirus</a>.
</td>
<td> Neu5Ac</td><td><span _ngcontent-ng-c523639496="" id="detailProp">29.926 b<br /></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihyphenhyphenKfnlOh85mZ2eOqNPBrrRB89N3q_BXN0J8ZP0fXPgS-jdNT5hWujOLFbs8x3zPQ6WBh57lxmTg3R06vFr0VpMYxkgBmTYd_m1k4ubvJMy_dXukGN3U7buC63dq8TCkYYEVgv-HzUQSByw_VNjq1rSp_zaicFs_VfsCPVDIRgKokyvmHf2z1Z0Ep4ueLw/s1182/Killer-cousins.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="842" data-original-width="1182" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihyphenhyphenKfnlOh85mZ2eOqNPBrrRB89N3q_BXN0J8ZP0fXPgS-jdNT5hWujOLFbs8x3zPQ6WBh57lxmTg3R06vFr0VpMYxkgBmTYd_m1k4ubvJMy_dXukGN3U7buC63dq8TCkYYEVgv-HzUQSByw_VNjq1rSp_zaicFs_VfsCPVDIRgKokyvmHf2z1Z0Ep4ueLw/w400-h285/Killer-cousins.png" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">3 killer Corona viruses in humans [<span style="color: red;">5</span>]</span>
(©Science)<br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">I didn't know that HCoV-NL63 was discovered simultaneously by Dutch
virologists </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.amsterdamumc.org/en/research/researchers/lia-van-der-hoek.htm" target="_blank">Lia van der Hoek</a>
[2] (Amsterdam University Medical Center) </span><span style="font-size: medium;">and </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Ron Fouchier, Ab Osterhaus <i>et al</i> [3] (</span><span style="font-size: medium;">Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam) </span><span style="font-size: medium;">back in 2003. Ron Fouchier and Ab Osterhaus are well-known virologists in
the Netherlands, but I didn't know Lia van der Hoek. </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">The evolutionary relationships between the four coronavirussen and
SARS-CoV-1 are murky. It is also frustrating that the origins of the viruses are unclear. Unfortunately,
Cohen doesn't make a detailed comparison of the genomes. All human coronaviruses have animal origins: SARS-CoV, </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-<b>NL63</b> and HCoV-<b>229E</b> are considered to have originated in bats; HCoV-<b>OC43</b> and <b>HKU1</b> likely originated from rodents [4]. NL63 seems to have originated from recombination of two different viruses. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">A</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">re those 4 mild viruses the ancestors of SARS-CoV-2? According to Cohen "the surface protein of SARS-CoV-2,
called spike, differs markedly from the ones that stud its cold-causing
cousins." </span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Did the common cold coronaviruses prepare our immune system? “It has been well established that pre-pandemic, some people had pre-existing immune reactivity to SARS-CoV-2. Obviously that did not prevent a pandemic. On the other hand, "People who had prior SARS-CoV-2 infections were 50% less likely to have symptomatic disease from one of the four."<br /></span></span><ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
Does SARS-CoV-2 become less deadly? Scientists disagree. According to Lia van der Hoek SARS-CoV-2 has become milder. Others say that Omicron is still deadly.
</span></span><ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Conclusion <br /></span></span></h2><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">To me it is clear that the behaviour of viruses and their interactions with humans and other animals don't allow for quick conclusions, let alone strong opinions from non-virologists. Viruses are tiny 'creatures', they occur in unimaginably huge numbers, are everywhere, <a href="https://virology.ws/2013/09/06/how-many-viruses-on-earth/" target="_blank">are very diverse</a>, they remain out of our view, are only inferred when we get sick, can be identified and analyzed only by scientists with sophisticated lab techniques. And importantly: they evolve, they mutate, they recombine, they jump from one animal species to another whenever they see an opportunity. They have evolved </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">over millions of years </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2517780/" target="_blank">camouflage and sabotage strategies</a> to escape the attacks of our immune system. All this together makes viruses frighteningly and frustratingly unpredictable</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">and impossible to eradicate. <br /></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqaMeooK0F5N0X4rcB_LekZDSOlAcOBRsghQG1eULaRhXupvdUCxN6bDISqyEgxeDMQYV9MJlU0NlEczbnEt_HzBU1opmReWbTeQkzhUew2ahqjKGaCHP5Ksq4_jUUWRlrxz4fLc5E4IZ2CzZTqizV5Aaqorzh-BLqOUawCswN4uKxOO9XA2SsA9qGa8f/s200/corona_update43.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="200" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqaMeooK0F5N0X4rcB_LekZDSOlAcOBRsghQG1eULaRhXupvdUCxN6bDISqyEgxeDMQYV9MJlU0NlEczbnEt_HzBU1opmReWbTeQkzhUew2ahqjKGaCHP5Ksq4_jUUWRlrxz4fLc5E4IZ2CzZTqizV5Aaqorzh-BLqOUawCswN4uKxOO9XA2SsA9qGa8f/s1600/corona_update43.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">click on label <a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/search/label/SARS-CoV-2" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2</a> for previous posts</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Postscript 19 jan 2024</h2><p><span style="font-size: medium;">A publication of Jesse Bloom about a <a href="Analysis of a SARS-CoV-2 sequence submitted to Genbank on Dec-28-2019" target="_blank">Chinese submission of the first SARS-CoV-2 sequence</a> on 28 dec 2019</span>.<span style="font-size: medium;"> Detail: "and in early 2020 the Chinese government ordered commercial sequencing companies to destroy all samples."</span></p><p><br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Sources</h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;">
Jon Cohen (2024)
<a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/four-cold-causing-coronaviruses-may-provide-clues-covids-future" target="_blank">Four cold-causing coronaviruses may provide clues to COVID's future</a>
11 Jan 2024 </span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;">Lia van der Hoek <i>et al</i> (2004)
<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1024" target="_blank">Identification of a new human coronavirus</a>, <i>Nature Medicine.</i> <br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;">
Ron A. M. Fouchier, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, <i>et al</i> (2004)
<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0400762101" target="_blank">A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory
disease in humans</a>, <i>PNAS</i>.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">Jie Cui, Fang Li & Zheng-Li Shi (2019!) <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-018-0118-9" target="_blank">Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses</a>, <i>Nature reviews microbiology</i>. Please note that SARS-CoV-2 is not mentioned! The article was published before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started! </span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">All the illustrations show animal-to-human transmission, however the reverse also happens: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00108-6" target="_blank">from human to chimps</a>! [<span style="color: red;">18 jan 2024</span>]</span><br />
</li>
</ol>
<p></p>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-86234397248847370122024-01-13T08:46:00.018+01:002024-01-20T11:28:10.237+01:00ONE MILLION HITS!<h1 style="text-align: center;">
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<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
> 1,000,000 hits!<br /></div></span></span>
</h1>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2010/10/kip-niet-meer-nodig.html" target="_blank">First blog</a>
was published on</span><br />
</p>
<h3 class="date-header" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">25 October 2010</span>
</h3>
<h3 class="date-header" style="text-align: center;"><br /></h3>
<h3 class="date-header" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">13 January 2024: </span><span style="font-size: large;"> 624 posts </span>
</h3>
<br />
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<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<h3 class="date-header" style="text-align: center;"></h3>
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stammenoorlog</a> (7605)</span>
</li>
<li>
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(7254)</span>
</li>
<li>
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(6963) <i>English</i></span>
</li>
<li>
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</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2013/07/carel-ter-linden-wat-doe-ik-hier-in.html" target="_blank">Carel ter Linden: Wat doe ik hier in godsnaam?</a>
(5588) </span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2013/02/joris-van-rossum-promoveert-aan-de-vu.html" target="_blank">Joris van Rossum promoveert aan de VU op weerlegging van de
Darwinistische verklaring van het ontstaan van seksuele
voortplanting</a><span> (5655)</span></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2016/04/mutant-pimpelmees-met-kale-kop-grotere.html" target="_blank">Mutant pimpelmees met kale kop, grotere snavel en dik lichaam</a>
(5123)</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2013/01/het-belangrijkste-genetisch-verschil.html" target="_blank">Het belangrijkste genetisch verschil tussen chimpansee en mens is HAR1,
HAR2, FOXP2, AMY1, ASPM en LCT</a>
(4526)</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2015/01/doodstraf-voor-godslastering-staat-in.html" target="_blank">Doodstraf voor godslastering staat in de Koran én de Bijbel</a>
(4921)</span></li></ol><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Deze blog posts vind ik zelf de beste:</span></h2><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2013/01/de-twee-zijdes-van-dezelfde-medaille-in.html" target="_blank">De twee zijdes van dezelfde medaille: creationisme en minachting voor dieren</a>, 18 jan 2013</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2014/09/zomergast-ionica-smeets-wilfried-de.html" target="_blank">Zomergast Ionica Smeets, Wilfried de Jong, Fibonacci, Ananas, God</a>. 15 Sep 2014</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2012/05/de-auto-van-elliott-sober-en-het.html" target="_blank">De auto van Elliott Sober en het probleem van het kwaad</a>, 25 mei 2012</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2012/02/twee-elkaar-uitsluitende-perspectieven.html" target="_blank">Twee elkaar uitsluitende perspectieven op DNA</a>, 20 feb 2012</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2015/03/prof-kees-brunia-over-vivisectie-onze.html" target="_blank">Prof. Kees Brunia over vivisectie: Onze weg naar de kennis van het centrale zenuwstelsel is bezaaid met dode kikkers</a>. 17 maart 2015</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></li></ol><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">These posts are my best posts:</span></h2><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2017/09/killing-animals-in-age-of-empathy-frans.html" target="_blank">Killing Animals in the Age of Empathy. Frans de Waal, a leading primatologist explains why he eats animals</a>, 26 September 2017</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2012/12/new-origin-of-life-model-fatally.html" target="_blank">New origin of life model fatally requires a nonrandom protein</a>, 24 December 2012</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span><br /></li></ol><ol style="text-align: left;">
</ol>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-43592084770044730712024-01-01T15:51:00.016+01:002024-02-07T09:48:15.188+01:00Opvallende verbetering ObsIdentify in 2023: veel minder foute identificaties<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5X57z134Lffaz87nRT8l84ABmpimqB5ahP9MypVHPcr8au24F0reITQvnrrQIfulv3ggwRySCNWwdAgcWxnLPjB7g9KDzxkRRoq_aEMf_xEtz6zIpTg061G3fyXLGxmrXudHIVCNg8yvPCrJXAOVheXE1NRwXcI0vhY5fYe_DLGdYiMDh7Qa6XMShoPXL/s575/Schotse-Hooglander-575x575.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="575" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5X57z134Lffaz87nRT8l84ABmpimqB5ahP9MypVHPcr8au24F0reITQvnrrQIfulv3ggwRySCNWwdAgcWxnLPjB7g9KDzxkRRoq_aEMf_xEtz6zIpTg061G3fyXLGxmrXudHIVCNg8yvPCrJXAOVheXE1NRwXcI0vhY5fYe_DLGdYiMDh7Qa6XMShoPXL/s320/Schotse-Hooglander-575x575.png" width="320" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://obsidentify.wasdarwinwrong.com/ObsIdentify-files6.htm" target="_blank">Schotse Hooglander 100%
</a></span><span style="font-size: small;">(2022-2023)</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
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<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQ1HvOMeqMCDyYxEZWWuV5K6Ptr36dLGKG0iz4WgmWT8Tfn2QFqLgrUoYZPOr6VhGyvtM6k-6Y8DQ8WmCU67ePYvKt-zmTwizCqg9qy-eaQG7zrfxTWFaism3f3Pl1hyS018DJjACLszhxP1zbIQjgt478WFh7sqA3fvneHIyPBy5aIkxzNJW9l8loJqJ/s1024/SchotseHooglanderNIA100-face-3442.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQ1HvOMeqMCDyYxEZWWuV5K6Ptr36dLGKG0iz4WgmWT8Tfn2QFqLgrUoYZPOr6VhGyvtM6k-6Y8DQ8WmCU67ePYvKt-zmTwizCqg9qy-eaQG7zrfxTWFaism3f3Pl1hyS018DJjACLszhxP1zbIQjgt478WFh7sqA3fvneHIyPBy5aIkxzNJW9l8loJqJ/s320/SchotseHooglanderNIA100-face-3442.jpg" width="320" /></a>
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<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://obsidentify.wasdarwinwrong.com/ObsIdentify-files6.htm" target="_blank">Schotse Hooglander <b>100%</b> </a>(maart 2023)</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;"></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixoGgdVSDxSuu0JpOUfpPSiaEuQi1AUPPDHbBP6W5UVFWwYWXDcZj3WIOJE6L5H7PxSyFuT3B4n6G3GgeYSOCo_CTNawk2H0wP9w5kRubxi0tLVZ-_139FYavpfedIWaBNNUNVs83XM3mv0rDDRQwkv9FdqwYfjADBIDR2N0t1MyUna6lwUO03aN08hZRY/s1024/SchotseHooglanderNIA100-face-3442.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixoGgdVSDxSuu0JpOUfpPSiaEuQi1AUPPDHbBP6W5UVFWwYWXDcZj3WIOJE6L5H7PxSyFuT3B4n6G3GgeYSOCo_CTNawk2H0wP9w5kRubxi0tLVZ-_139FYavpfedIWaBNNUNVs83XM3mv0rDDRQwkv9FdqwYfjADBIDR2N0t1MyUna6lwUO03aN08hZRY/s320/SchotseHooglanderNIA100-face-3442.jpg" width="320" /></a>
</td>
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<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://obsidentify.wasdarwinwrong.com/ObsIdentify-files6.htm" target="_blank">Schotse Hooglander <b>26%</b></a> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">(december 2023)</span><br />
</td>
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</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">In 2023 heeft ObsIdentify een opvallende verbetering te zien gegeven. Ik
zag in december een sterke afname van foute identificaties bij mijn
testplaatjes. In 2021–2023 had ik honderden door AI gegenereerde plaatjes
getest (<a href="https://this-person-does-not-exist.com/" target="_blank">This person does not exist</a>) en vond tot mijn verbazing foute identificaties met 100% zekerheid.
Menselijke gezichten werden geïdentificeerd als Schotse
Hooglander </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">met 100% zekerheid </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">(zie foto).</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Dit is het topje van de ijsberg. Ik vond tientallen plaatjes met
zekerheid groter dan 90% en nog veel meer met lagere percentages. Bij het
hertesten in december 2023 bleken de foute identificaties met hoge zekerheid dramatisch
afgenomen. De foute identificaties Schotse Hooglander met 100% zekerheid
waren totaal verdwenen. In plaats daarvan was het percentage gezakt onder
de 50% en vaak veel lager. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">De menselijke soort kent hij niet. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> In de meerderheid van de tests werden er andere
soorten gevonden: Grijze zeehond, Wild Zwijn, Dwarsbandkakkerlak,
Kuifeend, Europese Rode Eekhoorn, Zwart lieveheersbeestje, Ruwe pissebed,
en nog wat paddenstoelen, vogels en spinnen. Maar: allemaal met lage
zekerheden. En daar zit hem de vooruitgang in. Wel fout, maar met minder
zekerheid fout. Iets dergelijks zag ik ook al eind 2021. <br /></span></span><br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8DW2y7mNTnQqix_gUwVyXp6hJmL3lqJIoOqrX0kKtiMhPzojP-JRsikkvGIlM5TFG5b80kZEdVaxTlrErNyWeNvKeCPI14eLgn4mMXLU47QKptEwQ51yZorQwPOG3C4HeQa0eA89KHNtOGftrD8vG-0aBREgA6dwr0aIsvEZT8YejL5Kd-dkFrBfvWLEj/s1022/SchotseHooglander1189-1000.jpeg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="896" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8DW2y7mNTnQqix_gUwVyXp6hJmL3lqJIoOqrX0kKtiMhPzojP-JRsikkvGIlM5TFG5b80kZEdVaxTlrErNyWeNvKeCPI14eLgn4mMXLU47QKptEwQ51yZorQwPOG3C4HeQa0eA89KHNtOGftrD8vG-0aBREgA6dwr0aIsvEZT8YejL5Kd-dkFrBfvWLEj/w176-h200/SchotseHooglander1189-1000.jpeg" width="176" /></a>
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<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Schotse Hooglander 100% (2022)</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br />12% Witsterblauwborst (dec 2023)</span></b> <br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4VWuuLmf_ldX7Kdmfk68ylDEH0dJy9VJE3NTlAitPQcFRMwdcThgeOKZOkWc7VomogJkhomXZWUEAdsn4jrb77m2Uofv71JlitoWlonVCPwxLtr4PnTbK0vOb7f8l9xmdfj-PomkvAYKOtleL6NRrBZW6IHzG7J8jV2P_VGpjld9hXzcMh1wFxtEcOnbs/s500/image1230_1000x1000SH951_scale500x500.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="500" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4VWuuLmf_ldX7Kdmfk68ylDEH0dJy9VJE3NTlAitPQcFRMwdcThgeOKZOkWc7VomogJkhomXZWUEAdsn4jrb77m2Uofv71JlitoWlonVCPwxLtr4PnTbK0vOb7f8l9xmdfj-PomkvAYKOtleL6NRrBZW6IHzG7J8jV2P_VGpjld9hXzcMh1wFxtEcOnbs/w200-h200/image1230_1000x1000SH951_scale500x500.jpeg" width="200" /></a>
</td>
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<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Schotse Hooglander 95,1%</span><br /> <br /><span style="font-size: medium;">7% Das (dec 2023)</span></b><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
<br /></span></span>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Ik heb tot nu toe maar </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> één uitzondering gevonden op deze trend:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfWueDApixPpWFWxqpFwTnNq6dul99imlZFeTTQjxneI4Arwp6LVK36UgbQhL6d8nt6USCc564MyUCIC5ASPJGRe_VlQwC6OJ_T5oQX3AqUIh9yHZfqkpzBqYvY-Ladkw7m30PPX04GuF4tsDcPDi_4RTP_t5xJdqkjv7QgrxMNvKHjag2rc_nUXhyZtaW/s629/Gewonekameleonspin94percent.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="629" data-original-width="571" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfWueDApixPpWFWxqpFwTnNq6dul99imlZFeTTQjxneI4Arwp6LVK36UgbQhL6d8nt6USCc564MyUCIC5ASPJGRe_VlQwC6OJ_T5oQX3AqUIh9yHZfqkpzBqYvY-Ladkw7m30PPX04GuF4tsDcPDi_4RTP_t5xJdqkjv7QgrxMNvKHjag2rc_nUXhyZtaW/s320/Gewonekameleonspin94percent.png" width="290" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://waarneming.nl/species/8726/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">Gewone kamelonspin </span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>92%</b></span> <span style="font-size: small;">(19 jan 24)</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Wat de verklaring voor de vooruitgang is weet ik niet. Het moet een indirect effect
zijn van het trainen op steeds meer foto's van steeds meer dieren en planten soorten. De opvallende verbeteringen
hebben misschien te maken met het feit dat september 2023 een
nieuwe versie van de ObsIdentify herkenningssoftware (NIA) live is
gegaan. De versie bevat 28.000 nieuwe soorten. Hoe meer soorten hij
correct met grote zekerheid kan identificeren, hoe kleiner de kans op
foute identificaties. Lijkt mij. Als je goed soorten kan identificeren,
zul je gewoon minder fouten maken met plaatjes waar je niet op getraind
bent. Maar, aan de andere kant zou het kunnen zijn dat ook de kans groter
wordt dat je één van de duizenden soorten herkent in een gezicht. Puur op
basis van een toevallige overeenkomst in patronen en kleuren. Maar dat
lijkt niet te gebeuren. In tegendeel. Het kan zijn dat de
herkenningssoftware zelf verbeterd is. Bijvoorbeeld door veel meer
parameters te gebruiken. Dat zie je bijvoorbeeld in AI software als
ChatGPT. Of de normen voor identificatie zijn strenger geworden waardoor lagere percentages zekerheid worden gegeven. <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Hoe dan ook, het blijft fascinerend om te proberen te begrijpen wat er in het hoofd van ObsIdentify omgaat. Wat begrijpen wij eigenlijk van ObsIdentify? Wat begrijpt ObsIdentify eigenlijk van de plaatjes die hij te zien krijgt?<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span>
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Data</span></span>
</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Ik heb in dit blog een paar foto's als voorbeeld gegeven. Alle 77 foto's die in
2021-2023 hoge zekerheden gaven met ObsIdentify heb ik in december 2023 opnieuw
getest en de resultaten staan op <a href="https://obsidentify.wasdarwinwrong.com/ObsIdentify-files6.htm" target="_blank">deze pagina</a>. </span></span>
</p>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">NB: ik heb alle identificaties gedaan zonder ze op te slaan in
waarneming.nl. Selfies zijn verboden!
</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Klik op het label
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/search/label/ObsIdentify" target="_blank">ObsIdentify</a>
voor alle posts over ObsIdentify. Dit is deel 18.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Test <a href="https://www.whichfaceisreal.com/" target="_blank">hier</a> uw vaardigheid in het onderscheiden van real en fake gezichten. <br /></span></span>
</p>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-62494634277808759872023-12-22T10:09:00.017+01:002024-01-18T12:37:43.962+01:00Parkmobile / EasyPark datalek<p> </p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwEiERAgXrFcvqIlQmw-Ph3WXSBV7fDGrWWE40KRajSFrm3KiX20tCg9dWqAMxz4j61JIFTFv6L8pcmveK-SYmOkPc4vlrngTwiTy0XXr7GQzuBVBph-sFLCZhueztmvH6ZvdGqgdfIGXkYYU3FUbiQ_c5JMo1qN-9v-FkRNKWNfWmOktncZ3prbV5xIMH/s2148/EasyParklogo.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="2148" height="89" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwEiERAgXrFcvqIlQmw-Ph3WXSBV7fDGrWWE40KRajSFrm3KiX20tCg9dWqAMxz4j61JIFTFv6L8pcmveK-SYmOkPc4vlrngTwiTy0XXr7GQzuBVBph-sFLCZhueztmvH6ZvdGqgdfIGXkYYU3FUbiQ_c5JMo1qN-9v-FkRNKWNfWmOktncZ3prbV5xIMH/s320/EasyParklogo.png" width="320" /></a>
</div>
<br />
<p></p>
<div style="font-family: Arial;">
<div style="color: black; font-family: Inter-Regular, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; mso-line-height-alt: 16.8px;">
<p style="font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; mso-line-height-alt: 21.599999999999998px;">
Beste klant,
</p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; mso-line-height-alt: 16.8px;">
</p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; mso-line-height-alt: 21.599999999999998px;">
Je ontvangt deze e-mail naar aanleiding van de informatie die we je eerder
hebben verstrekt via onze app en website.
</p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; mso-line-height-alt: 16.8px;">
</p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; mso-line-height-alt: 21.599999999999998px;">
Op 10 december 2023 ontdekten we dat we zijn getroffen door een
cyberaanval en dat er toegang was verkregen tot sommige van jouw gegevens.
</p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; mso-line-height-alt: 16.8px;">
</p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; mso-line-height-alt: 21.599999999999998px;">
Onze klanten zijn belangrijk voor ons en daarom willen we dat je volledig
op de hoogte bent van dit incident. Dit is wat we hebben gedaan.
</p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; mso-line-height-alt: 16.8px;">
</p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; mso-line-height-alt: 21.599999999999998px;">
<span style="color: #872878;"><b>We hebben actie ondernomen om je te beschermen </b></span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" class="list_block block-2" id="list-r4c0m1" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%; word-break: break-word;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="pad">
<div class="levelOne" style="margin-left: 0px;">
<ul class="leftList" start="1" style="color: #101b24; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; mso-line-height-alt: NaNpx; padding-left: 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left;">
We hebben direct maatregelen genomen om de cyberaanval te
stoppen.
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left;">
We hebben ervoor gezorgd dat onze diensten blijven werken.
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left;">
We hebben de bevoegde autoriteiten ingelicht.
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left;">
Ons securityteam, inclusief externe security-experts, werkt hard
om ervoor te zorgen dat er effectieve beveiligings- en
privacymaatregelen worden genomen.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" class="paragraph_block block-3" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%; word-break: break-word;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="pad">
<div style="color: #872878; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal; mso-line-height-alt: NaNpx; text-align: left;">
<p style="margin: 0px;">
<b><b>We maken</b> <b>je erop attent</b> </b>
</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" class="list_block block-4" id="list-r4c0m3" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%; word-break: break-word;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="pad">
<div class="levelOne" style="margin-left: 0px;">
<ul class="leftList" start="1" style="color: #101b24; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; mso-line-height-alt: NaNpx; padding-left: 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left;">
Er is toegang verkregen tot één of meer van de volgende gegevens:
naam, telefoonnummer, adres en/of e-mailadres, die je mogelijk aan
ons hebt verstrekt.
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left;">
Enkele cijfers van jouw IBAN- of creditcardnummer zijn, indien van
toepassing, onderdeel van jouw gegevens en er is toegang verkregen
tot deze gedeeltelijke gegevens. Men kan echter geen betalingen
doen met deze onvolledige gegevens.
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left;">
Geen enkele combinatie van deze gestolen gegevens kan worden
gebruikt om betalingen uit te voeren.
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left;">
<b>Zoals altijd moet je bedacht zijn op pogingen tot phishing, die
helaas vaak voorkomen. </b>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" class="paragraph_block block-5" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%; word-break: break-word;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="pad">
<div style="color: #872878; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal; mso-line-height-alt: NaNpx; text-align: left;">
<p style="margin: 0px;"><b><b>Het spijt ons</b> </b></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" class="paragraph_block block-6" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%; word-break: break-word;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="pad">
<div style="color: #101b24; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal; mso-line-height-alt: NaNpx; text-align: left;">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;">
Bij EasyPark Group nemen we de bescherming van jouw privacy serieus
en streven we ernaar jou de best mogelijke ervaring te bieden.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0px;">
Het ervaren van een datalek zorgt natuurlijk voor bezorgdheid bij
ons allemaal. We betreuren het dat dit is gebeurd en werken hard
voor het vertrouwen van onze klanten.
</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="html_block block-7" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="pad">
<div align="center" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<div class="our-class" style="font-size: 18px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: left;">
<p>
Bezoek onze website
<a aria-disabled="true" role="link" style="pointer-events: none;">easypark.com/nl</a>
voor een overzicht van de <b>meestgestelde vragen</b> (FAQ's) of
neem contact op met onze Klantenservice.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="row row-7" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="row-content stack" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px auto; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 500px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="column column-1" style="border-bottom: 0; border-color: currentcolor; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 0; border-width: 0px; font-weight: 400; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;" width="100%">
<div class="spacer_block block-1" style="font-size: 1px; height: 40px; line-height: 40px;">
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="row row-8" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="row-content stack" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px auto; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 500px;"><tbody><tr><td class="column column-1" style="border-bottom: 0; border-color: currentcolor; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 0; border-width: 0px; font-weight: 400; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;" width="100%"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p style="margin: 0px; mso-line-height-alt: 14.399999999999999px; text-align: center;">
</p>
<p>
Je ontvangt dit bericht omdat je slimme parkeerder bent bij EasyPark formerly
Parkmobile
</p>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">20 dec 2023: bovenstaande mail ontvangen. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Nee, ik heb niet eerder bericht gehad, want ik heb de app al een jaar niet meer gebruikt, ik kan niet meer inloggen (geen enkel emailadres/password werkt), en nieuw password aanvragen werkt niet! Wat nu? Al mijn accountgegevens in handen van criminelen?! Andere identiteit aannemen? nieuw email account? nieuwe bank(rekeningnummer)? nieuwe internetprovider? nieuw telefoonnummer? verhuizen? Bedankt EasyPark! </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">EasyPark beweert dat de hackers alleen de laatste cijfers van mijn bankrekening hebben, niet het complete nummer, maar EasyPark moet mijn complete bankrekening nummer hebben om incasso's te kunnen plegen. Dus dat moet ook op hun server staan. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">6 Jan 2024: niets meer gehoord van EasyPark. Doodse stilte!</span><br /></p><p></p><p>AD 15 dec 23:<br /></p><h3 class="article__title" style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/groot-datalek-bij-populaire-parkeer-app-experts-waarschuwen-dat-bedrijf-hack-bagatelliseert~af7aa608/" target="_blank">Groot datalek bij populaire parkeer-app, experts waarschuwen dat bedrijf hack bagatelliseert</a></h3><h3 class="article__title" style="text-align: left;"> </h3><h2 class="article__title" style="text-align: left;">Zaterdag 13 januari 2024</h2><div class="article__title" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.bnnvara.nl/kassa/videos/603816" target="_blank">KASSA uitzending gaat over het Easypark datalek.</a> </span></div><div class="article__title" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div class="article__title" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div><h2 class="article__title" style="text-align: left;">Donderdag 18 januari 2024</h2><h2 class="article__title" style="text-align: left;"></h2><div class="article__title" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div class="article__title" style="text-align: left;"><div style="color: #101b24; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal; mso-line-height-alt: NaNpx; text-align: left;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;">Beste klant,</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">
Zoals je weet, hebben we op 10 december jl. een datalek gehad. Onze
analyse bevestigt dat gehashte versies van wachtwoorden ook deel
uitmaakten van het datalek. We informeren je hierover omdat we geven om
onze klanten en transparant willen zijn. Je ontvangt deze email omdat de
gehashte versie van het wachtwoord dat je in ons systeem hebt
aangemaakt onderdeel was van het datalek en je het wachtwoord mogelijk
ook elders gebruikt.</p></div>
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="row row-5" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="row-content stack" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px auto; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 500px;"><tbody><tr><td class="column column-1" style="border-bottom: 0; border-color: currentcolor; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 0; border-width: 0px; font-weight: 400; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; padding-top: 5px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;" width="100%"><table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" class="paragraph_block block-1" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%; word-break: break-word;"><tbody><tr><td class="pad"><div style="color: #872878; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal; mso-line-height-alt: NaNpx; text-align: left;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>Wat is wachtwoord hashing?</b></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" class="paragraph_block block-2" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%; word-break: break-word;"><tbody><tr><td class="pad"><div style="color: #101b24; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal; mso-line-height-alt: NaNpx; text-align: left;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Het
hashen van wachtwoorden betekent dat een wachtwoord door een algoritme
wordt omgezet in een onbegrijpelijke reeks tekens om de
vertrouwelijkheid van het wachtwoord te beschermen en het te beschermen
tegen ongeoorloofd gebruik.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="image_block block-3" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="pad" style="width: 100%;"><div align="center" class="alignment" style="line-height: 10px;"><div style="max-width: 500px;"><img src="https://cdn.braze.eu/appboy/communication/assets/image_assets/images/65a8ee02c5e5ef12b6cc7d31/original.png?1705569794" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; width: 100%;" width="500" /></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" class="paragraph_block block-4" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%; word-break: break-word;"><tbody><tr><td class="pad"><div style="color: #872878; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal; mso-line-height-alt: NaNpx; text-align: left;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>Wat hebben we gedaan?</b></p></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" class="paragraph_block block-5" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%; word-break: break-word;"><tbody><tr><td class="pad"><div style="color: #101b24; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal; mso-line-height-alt: NaNpx; text-align: left;"><p style="margin: 0px;">
We hebben de wachtwoorden voor alle getroffen klanten op 10 december
gereset toen we het datalek ontdekten, als onderdeel van onze
standaardprocedures bij incidenten.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" class="paragraph_block block-6" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%; word-break: break-word;"><tbody><tr><td class="pad"><div style="color: #872878; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal; mso-line-height-alt: NaNpx; text-align: left;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>Wat kun jij doen?</b></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" class="paragraph_block block-7" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%; word-break: break-word;"><tbody><tr><td class="pad"><div style="color: #101b24; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal; mso-line-height-alt: NaNpx; text-align: left;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;">
Hoewel de wachtwoorden zijn gehasht en gereset, raden we je aan om voor
de zekerheid je wachtwoord op andere online platformen te wijzigen mocht
je daar hetzelfde wachtwoord hebben gebruikt. Een andere manier om je
wachtwoord veilig en uniek te houden is door middel van een
wachtwoordmanager.</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;">
We doen er alles aan om je vertrouwen terug te winnen door je gegevens
te beschermen en we betreuren het ongemak dat mogelijk is veroorzaakt.
Neem contact op met onze klantenservice als je vragen hebt via tel: 020
80 80 490 of datalek@easypark.net.</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;">Sandesh Bhat</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;">Chief Technology Officer</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;">EasyPark Group</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;">Miles Hutchinson</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0; margin: 0px;">Chief Information Security Officer</p><p style="margin: 0px;">EasyPark Group </p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="row row-6" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="row-content stack" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px auto; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 500px;"><tbody><tr><td class="column column-1" style="border-bottom: 0; border-color: currentcolor; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 0; border-width: 0px; font-weight: 400; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;" width="100%"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="html_block block-1" role="presentation" style="mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="pad"><div align="center" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"></div><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="spacer_block block-1" style="font-size: 1px; height: 40px; line-height: 40px;"> </div><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-3176008765575859572023-12-18T11:59:00.013+01:002023-12-19T18:10:22.515+01:00The arrival of the Bohemian Waxwing (Pestvogel) Bombycilla garrulus in The Netherlands<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">On 15 December this year I observed a Bohemian Waxwing (Pestvogel,
<i>Bombycilla garrulus</i>) in the public garden Kooikerspark in the town
of Houten. </span></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3vTk2MRFD-GzXpIDgnzDzGzLC5dCK8VO7f3CuLTMElrtD0w7Jr8WpzXxB4j4j0FCSbuZwFJk2HAVPLTM7fMQwcHc8Uc39N0Qwiv0XpRoNevFmjzXZxiS324cD_TcRfOzB3-FGVWOyrUkjWHjSOrhYEPzQksf9gF3kTgfdgO2EvMPANYdE0Hvn2zCsf766/s800/SNY07304A.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3vTk2MRFD-GzXpIDgnzDzGzLC5dCK8VO7f3CuLTMElrtD0w7Jr8WpzXxB4j4j0FCSbuZwFJk2HAVPLTM7fMQwcHc8Uc39N0Qwiv0XpRoNevFmjzXZxiS324cD_TcRfOzB3-FGVWOyrUkjWHjSOrhYEPzQksf9gF3kTgfdgO2EvMPANYdE0Hvn2zCsf766/w400-h266/SNY07304A.JPG" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Bohemian Waxwing (Pestvogel) <i>Bombycilla garrulus</i> ©GK</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In The Netherlands <span>Bohemian Waxwing</span> is a rare bird only
observed irregularly in winter in varying numbers and in varying places in
the country. The sudden migrations seem to depend on food availability in
its home country where it breeds. Its arrival is unpredictable. The two previous years they were not observed in this location.<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0DMctm3RV1nMt9jxlIfBOR4v6mQSAneB_2EhNTwXg9pvLuM2xQxWeIyxt3Pgd6eguXZxq3IZmAQtqwPtp80A41KEg2RrZACwuB7YS8fgWou-fYLQpX0pUhGea6xdq_nFEFxBsv8vtE3ULPMUdjdOrFr_SA4_zjH4GpHuBJ4EPcVB3ZidX-pSZCjz_LAwb/s908/Pestvogel-2008-2023.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="470" data-original-width="908" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0DMctm3RV1nMt9jxlIfBOR4v6mQSAneB_2EhNTwXg9pvLuM2xQxWeIyxt3Pgd6eguXZxq3IZmAQtqwPtp80A41KEg2RrZACwuB7YS8fgWou-fYLQpX0pUhGea6xdq_nFEFxBsv8vtE3ULPMUdjdOrFr_SA4_zjH4GpHuBJ4EPcVB3ZidX-pSZCjz_LAwb/w400-h208/Pestvogel-2008-2023.png" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">numbers of Waxwings from 2008 to 2023 in The Netherlands<br />yellow
line = number of individual birds</span></span><br /><a href="https://waarneming.nl/species/306/statistics/?year=&month=&only_approved=on&sex=&life_stage=&activity=&method=" target="_blank">waarneming.nl</a><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It feeds here on berries of Wild Privet (Wilde liguster,
<i>Ligustrum vulgare </i>) and European cranberrybush (Gelderse roos,
<i>Viburnum opulus</i> ). </span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
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<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOepGiPAHiULSbj7SZ8Mof6u0kHRjZajCIda69olvUuyYl7tk9_iI7qlgXFY3oJu3M6kpHpmVRnBhkXfajFqKDLsLAcYKCFxEHEJ_xpWCckLciw4Ztj3lDUyenZsBpdruzseyaZxzgrh35aWKJbqJhO3sJyF1EHw3yoM3zaA5p-Oo3Qpl0LSo3FhZ0AyX-/s1000/pestvogelfoeragerend.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="723" data-original-width="1000" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOepGiPAHiULSbj7SZ8Mof6u0kHRjZajCIda69olvUuyYl7tk9_iI7qlgXFY3oJu3M6kpHpmVRnBhkXfajFqKDLsLAcYKCFxEHEJ_xpWCckLciw4Ztj3lDUyenZsBpdruzseyaZxzgrh35aWKJbqJhO3sJyF1EHw3yoM3zaA5p-Oo3Qpl0LSo3FhZ0AyX-/w400-h289/pestvogelfoeragerend.JPG" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">feeding on berries of Wild Privet (Wilde liguster) ©GK</span>
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<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">How does it find those rare shrubs? Anyway, it is very good those shrubs
are planted. We need more of them!</span></span><br />
</p>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Once published on
<a href="https://waarneming.nl/species/306/statistics/?year=&month=&only_approved=on&sex=&life_stage=&activity=&method=" target="_blank">waarneming.nl</a>
the bird attracts a lot of bird spotters. I was lucky too. The bird was
surprisingly tame. It wasn't chased away by all the photographers. This
behaviour differs sharply from most wild birds in our
country. Perfect conditions to make good pictures of this beautiful
bird. </span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNBW_-6clqG1r8oArE_QDXA4fRvaXmjGcPPr0pumk3mn1iFP3bQcxatueMvX9-muHT7bjBg4kUzc5zbMVC1qIPB2873p-o2GhjQZr-a9Y272-_rSxHbvdJvs67CcaDbqrzh-2WJxWWGv84hisbhXk_pmYWz6QFQbyLeSnEh086h8IZXX5aZH_oCBThhqqD/s1000/pestvogel1000x733.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="1000" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNBW_-6clqG1r8oArE_QDXA4fRvaXmjGcPPr0pumk3mn1iFP3bQcxatueMvX9-muHT7bjBg4kUzc5zbMVC1qIPB2873p-o2GhjQZr-a9Y272-_rSxHbvdJvs67CcaDbqrzh-2WJxWWGv84hisbhXk_pmYWz6QFQbyLeSnEh086h8IZXX5aZH_oCBThhqqD/w400-h294/pestvogel1000x733.JPG" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">a really beautiful bird! ©GK</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-jclBhS6ldcCkEpumSgMZ_X4leGhRPuxZkG6814nc4zI6E8HW-6hFlzaYiWoe_vK7Oax4TDlQmsq7aVakc5LpJu0VRLrcOhK5Ei6FZavcVyHXFmIfxby5qxm4PlqV3WBPIPJMN724NHxT-p_aXmtk0r5S1xZaLie7v3Pc8rBMmJcoGiBjShyhyphenhyphenZNPJkpb/s1000/pestvogel1000x750.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-jclBhS6ldcCkEpumSgMZ_X4leGhRPuxZkG6814nc4zI6E8HW-6hFlzaYiWoe_vK7Oax4TDlQmsq7aVakc5LpJu0VRLrcOhK5Ei6FZavcVyHXFmIfxby5qxm4PlqV3WBPIPJMN724NHxT-p_aXmtk0r5S1xZaLie7v3Pc8rBMmJcoGiBjShyhyphenhyphenZNPJkpb/w400-h300/pestvogel1000x750.JPG" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">yellow, red, black, white: <br />subtle, artful color patterns on wings and tail! ©GK</span><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0L8LE3KRJqt3Sz941aKVrTLLTc00dHmcBRaAWUnjbB1AoOHiBPa3zS9TYLbWP4Twbh7YLBUtPGmjc_C5pk9jbIXPCS0o0GWQ1iUvGq0ZG_mtz20IJuiSArqPaMS-3X0nMKuknZzLbJ8mjvrxek9z7HsvlUfnyxstU4D0V6QE6YQEC8wVL0FGpVFOrqhEh/s750/pestvogel-kuif.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="750" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0L8LE3KRJqt3Sz941aKVrTLLTc00dHmcBRaAWUnjbB1AoOHiBPa3zS9TYLbWP4Twbh7YLBUtPGmjc_C5pk9jbIXPCS0o0GWQ1iUvGq0ZG_mtz20IJuiSArqPaMS-3X0nMKuknZzLbJ8mjvrxek9z7HsvlUfnyxstU4D0V6QE6YQEC8wVL0FGpVFOrqhEh/w400-h294/pestvogel-kuif.JPG" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">finishing touch: a subtly coloured crest on its head!</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> ©GK</span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcI98TXgiPTojLnNSgfWgvG2rh1jBpNUHNAnBGuDV9CmD9WWdbFu0ds5_vCad0Nfdv6HuwJAtV6H2Dxa77T6cIOGjYVOOwlIFILM1FTMhabxDp1DcVkWFm6sabBkpx6I85dZNrAc6tWWag6XZi2uf6iTa-yaQPi_psIFpCfLc1C-VvJ-hygQR5EzLFsBKo/s1000/pestvogel_rodekontvlekA.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="769" data-original-width="1000" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcI98TXgiPTojLnNSgfWgvG2rh1jBpNUHNAnBGuDV9CmD9WWdbFu0ds5_vCad0Nfdv6HuwJAtV6H2Dxa77T6cIOGjYVOOwlIFILM1FTMhabxDp1DcVkWFm6sabBkpx6I85dZNrAc6tWWag6XZi2uf6iTa-yaQPi_psIFpCfLc1C-VvJ-hygQR5EzLFsBKo/w400-h308/pestvogel_rodekontvlekA.JPG" width="400" /></a>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">finally: a reddish coloration of its buttocks! ©GK</span><br />
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</table><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Finally, one remarkable fact: male and female don't differ visually. This is remarkable. Usually males are more colorful than females, especially when males have brilliant colors (peacock). So, males and females have the same color patterns. I wonder, are females still attracted to those colors when males have them?</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Thanks to Marco Jansen who first observed 2 birds on <a href="https://waarneming.nl/observation/293988273/" target="_blank">29 November</a> in Houten and published it on waarneming.nl and to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMWQPi-5VTU&t=313s" target="_blank">Youri's youtube video</a>. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.vogelbescherming.nl/actueel/bericht/zo-dichtbij-een-pestvogel-te-zijn?ss360SearchTerm=pestvogel" target="_blank">Here</a> is one of the most perfect images of the wings of the waxwing (last picture).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6lzPGMamsQ" target="_blank">Pestvogels trekken spotters massaal naar Houten | RTV Utrecht</a> 9 dec 2023</span></span><br /></p><p><br />
</p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Vorige blogs</h2><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2015/02/nederlandsche-vogelen-6-hoe.html" target="_blank">Nederlandsche Vogelen (6) Hoe natuurgetrouw zijn de afbeeldingen?</a> 23 Feb 2015. In het blog staat een link naar de Pestvogel pagina bij de KB. Daar kun je interessante beschrijving vinden van de Pestvogel, waaronder een Pestvogel invasie in de herfst 1788 en wat ze toen allemaal deden met de Pestvogels~!</span><br /></li></ul>gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-72049493700109940792023-12-08T10:21:00.046+01:002024-02-28T19:22:46.985+01:00Drie aanbevolen boeken over elektrische auto's<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaQOcPZvQqNjyT9ZrjwnZE9OnR78XJMSNR37rqWSqCCXAtCuWqzN1J_b84BvdHEGw5w4EzVXwq43VtvEaF8VuWrvAaov8i1KKa2XbynFY2momjcywO-9PUZS6wkxHosT9ppOgXzp11rlVLcNtaNxRPmRnx2QhRX-SIPqLP_jgM5BMErjjlkwk1Awg9NYiM/s600/Jeroen-Horlings-Ja-Nee.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="398" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaQOcPZvQqNjyT9ZrjwnZE9OnR78XJMSNR37rqWSqCCXAtCuWqzN1J_b84BvdHEGw5w4EzVXwq43VtvEaF8VuWrvAaov8i1KKa2XbynFY2momjcywO-9PUZS6wkxHosT9ppOgXzp11rlVLcNtaNxRPmRnx2QhRX-SIPqLP_jgM5BMErjjlkwk1Awg9NYiM/s320/Jeroen-Horlings-Ja-Nee.jpg" width="212" /></a>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Jeroen Horlings (2023)<br />
Elektrisch Rijden Ja of Nee</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">Als je in YouTube zoekt op 'electric car' dan vind je 9 van de 10 keer een video die uitsluitend de nadelen van elektrisch auto's laat zien. Evenwicht en nuance is moeilijk te vinden. <i>Elektrisch Rijden Ja of Nee</i> is een handboek voor de twijfelaars en sceptici. Het begint met de bespreking van 27 feiten en fabels, aangevuld met korte informatieve hoofdstukken over elektrisch rijden in de praktijk, kosten, laden, actieradius, vakantie, klimaat, milieu. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Het telt 112 pagina's en heeft zwart-wit illustraties net als het volgende boek van Jeroen Horlings. Dit boek behandelt systematisch alle vooroordelen, misverstanden, en mythes over elektrische auto's die er op het internet circuleren en voorziet de lezer van basiskennis. Een boek om cadeau te doen.</span></span><br /></p><p></p>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhdYkHeX7cbaTSJicH8PRDB4RXKslxIKptwRE9GQbWSdfnIaOoU3APIB1SZjTFPLyG1ngI1JM3WzNI99poSNspgsGq-nCakX1G3H3wGiG1kuFXclQ4YbVcOxNSmsxtZUAyISLV7pYniiHisfoxBlkJRDOzjx511MFyucvvYqKVTj8soFmFHu-3447ExrQ0/s599/Jeroen-Horlings-Alles.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="387" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhdYkHeX7cbaTSJicH8PRDB4RXKslxIKptwRE9GQbWSdfnIaOoU3APIB1SZjTFPLyG1ngI1JM3WzNI99poSNspgsGq-nCakX1G3H3wGiG1kuFXclQ4YbVcOxNSmsxtZUAyISLV7pYniiHisfoxBlkJRDOzjx511MFyucvvYqKVTj8soFmFHu-3447ExrQ0/s320/Jeroen-Horlings-Alles.jpg" width="207" /></a>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Jeroen Horlings <br />Alles over elektrische auto’s<br />
2023 5e druk </span></span><br />
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<br /><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alles over elektrische auto’s</i> </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">telt 224 pagina's (meer dan het dubbele dan het vorige boek) en is bedoeld voor mensen die al overtuigd zijn van de voordelen van elektrisch rijden, maar details willen over kosten, laden, actieradius, milieuvoordelen, de accu, rijden op waterstof, geschiedenis, toekomst, etc. Het laatste hoofdstuk geeft dezelfde feiten en fabels die we ook aantreffen in <i>Elektrisch Rijden Ja of Nee</i>. Koop je <i>Alles over elektrische auto’s</i>, dan is <i>Elektrisch Rijden Ja of Nee</i> eigenlijk overbodig<i>. </i>Dit boek (net als het vorige) gaat niet over specifieke automerken. Wel worden automerken in de tekst genoemd, zoals bijvoorbeeld de top-10 elektrische auto's. Wil je informatie over merken, dan zit je goed met het volgende boek.</span></span><br /><p></p>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqIc-GpXhRWmueuotDa89UfW4jHC0FvN053HwWeY0RPXadw1jO4sMOEWaeyPHTNVZcUeqN5HAXTxrXvtMFVmHAWA13Fb8bYazQkDWGduA7UEFwr-M5oZlaLUCNjQb2i2qQriOuN84i3HmqKE1N30iahoNefEEFb4oGKacU9Kvytz2Cp93npWrCvLkghy4c/s1008/EV2024.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1008" data-original-width="844" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqIc-GpXhRWmueuotDa89UfW4jHC0FvN053HwWeY0RPXadw1jO4sMOEWaeyPHTNVZcUeqN5HAXTxrXvtMFVmHAWA13Fb8bYazQkDWGduA7UEFwr-M5oZlaLUCNjQb2i2qQriOuN84i3HmqKE1N30iahoNefEEFb4oGKacU9Kvytz2Cp93npWrCvLkghy4c/s320/EV2024.png" width="268" /></a>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Jasper Engel, Joeri van Dam (2023)<br /> EV 2024 Alle elektrische auto's</span></span>
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<br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Het boek van Jasper Engel en Joeri van Dam </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alle elektrische auto's</i> </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">is anders van opzet dan de vorige twee. Het geeft na enkele korte inleidende hoofdstukjes een alfabetisch overzicht van 109 elektrische auto's in 2024 op de Nederlandse markt beginnend met de Abarth en eindigend met de Zeekr. Iedere auto heeft 2 tegenover elkaar liggende pagina's met een korte, vlot geschreven bespreking en steeds met meerdere kleurenfoto's. Een vaste indeling van de pagina's werkt heel prettig om snel data met elkaar te vergelijken. De technische gegevens van de auto's komen uit de online <a href="https://ev-database.org" target="_blank">ev-database</a> (355 auto's) en laadcurves snelladen komen van <a href="https://fastnedcharging.com/nl/" target="_blank">Fastned</a>. <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Het EV 2024 jaarboek en de online gratis database vullen elkaar perfect aan. Het sterke punt van de
ev-database zijn de fantastische zoekmogelijkheden, en de vele technische gegevens, maar het vergelijken van auto's blijft toch wat lastig. Het boek is heerlijk om
door te bladeren. Het geeft voor iedere auto een 'Rijtest/Onder de loep' verhaal. Dat ontbreekt in de ev-database. De ev-database geeft de kale data. <br /></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><i><b>Holy Grail</b></i></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Wat mij betreft is de belangrijkste overweging bij het kopen van een elektrische auto de prijs en welke range (actieradius) je daarvoor krijgt. Het is niet zo moeilijk om een auto met een groot bereik te maken. Je stopt er gewoon een grotere batterij in. Maar daardoor wordt de auto groter, zwaarder en duurder. De Mercedes-Benz EQS heeft een bereik van 730 km (zomer) en kost €109.000. Het is ook niet zo moeilijk om een auto voor </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">€</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">25.000 te maken. De Dacia Spring is een voorbeeld. Klein en goedkoop, maar het bereik is 190 km (zomer). <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">De <i>Holy Grail</i> is een elektrische auto met een bereik van tenminste 300 km die minder dan 30.000 euro kost. Die zijn er nog niet. De accu moet compacter en lichter worden, een hogere energiedichtheid hebben, en sneller kunnen laden, liefst 8 jaar garantie op de accu, de energie efficiëntie van de auto moet omhoog, en de auto's moeten op veel grotere schaal geproduceerd worden om de productiekosten omlaag te brengen zodat fabrikanten voldoende winst kunnen maken. Dat is nog een grote technologische uitdaging [1]. Er zijn maar een paar fabrikanten die in staat zijn zo'n auto in de komende 2-3 jaar te produceren (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryorO_WMASQ" target="_blank">Tesla</a>, <a href="https://www.bydauto.nl/elektrische-autos/dolphin/" target="_blank">BYD</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mjy2E9sSyyc" target="_blank">Hyundai</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJgJZgtUqf4" target="_blank">Renault 5</a>? <a href="https://youtu.be/3q0OG0Fx9Kk?t=179" target="_blank">Zeekr</a>?). Tot nu toe is de Tesla model 3 de meest <i>effici</i></span></span><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">ë</span></span></i><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><i>nte</i> auto, deze verbruikt 12,1 kWh per 100 km (zomer). Tot nu toe kunnen alleen Tesla en BYD <a href="https://youtu.be/vpbRJ952H-g?t=103" target="_blank">winst</a> maken op elektrische auto's. Er gaan <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVqXf1a-ytc" target="_blank">geruchten</a> dat Tesla in 2025/2026 een model van 25.000 euro op de markt gaat brengen. Tesla kennende, zal dat vast geen stadsautootje zijn. Tenslotte, is er een fundamentele doorbraak in accutechniek nodig om er voor te zorgen dat de accu in de winter even goed presteert als in de zomer. Energieopslag is een snel groeiend wetenschappelijk specialisme geworden met regelmatig publicaties in <i>Nature</i> [2].<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">PS. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sorry, dit vergeten: behalve al het bovenstaande, moet de auto ook nog een recyclebare auto zijn, moet de fabriek op duurzame energie draaien, moeten de werknemers in de hele keten een redelijk loon verdienen en moet de <a href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-War-Below/Ernest-Scheyder/9781668011805" target="_blank">delfstoffenwinning</a> zo milieuvriendelijk gebeuren. Ik hoop dat ik niets vergeten ben.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Noten</h2><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Honda says it needs a technological 'Breakthrough' to sell a $30,000 EV </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">(<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGgtPx8QLnk" target="_blank">Electric Viking</a> Youtube). <span style="color: red;">13 Jan 2024</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00325-z" target="_blank">The new car batteries that could power the electric vehicle revolution</a>, <i>Nature</i>, 7 Feb 2024 geeft een overzicht van nieuwe ontwikkelingen. (gratis) <span style="color: red;">8 feb 2024</span></span><br /></li></ol><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Fout</b>: Ik heb 1 fout gevonden in EV 2024 jaarboek: de Nissan Leaf 39kWh zou een bereik hebben van 380 km (zomer). Was het maar waar! In de ev-database wordt 200 (winter) - 275 km (zomer) opgegeven. Ook de 59kWh versie heeft foute waardes. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Actueel nieuws</b>: <a href="https://nederlandelektrisch.nl/home" target="_blank">Nederland Elektrisch</a> website</span></p><p><br /></p><p>categorie: auto, boeken, klimaat,milieu<br /></p>gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-74102725417021968092023-11-30T11:15:00.038+01:002024-01-27T11:53:42.272+01:00Dutch consumer organization 'De Consumentenbond': iPhone is more sustainable than Fairphone<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">According to the Dutch consumer organization 'De Consumentenbond', the
iPhone is more sustainable than the Fairphone.</span></span>
<p></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAYw5A3bWHxL-o_B48mLJo_vrhBwYDhomytiDjrD4FAgoT9XQp8x6MyWRPxY1StHhdPiO1y1wO5C72mUn4K-zjcwJsD-t_bHUfmMEDmGRft7fsjM3jYEk9lHmVRCEdv8VjImbp69XFKlAxDdy1kE-kfl_4ZUEomsK9Cafyoj-fkOKDGRaCqZiuwtRIbg90/s316/Screenshot%20from%202023-11-23%2016-56-09.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="172" data-original-width="316" height="109" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAYw5A3bWHxL-o_B48mLJo_vrhBwYDhomytiDjrD4FAgoT9XQp8x6MyWRPxY1StHhdPiO1y1wO5C72mUn4K-zjcwJsD-t_bHUfmMEDmGRft7fsjM3jYEk9lHmVRCEdv8VjImbp69XFKlAxDdy1kE-kfl_4ZUEomsK9Cafyoj-fkOKDGRaCqZiuwtRIbg90/w200-h109/Screenshot%20from%202023-11-23%2016-56-09.png" width="200" /></a>
</div>
<p>
<span style="font-size: large;">In
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/11/consumentenbond-test-duurzaamheid.html" target="_blank">my previous blog</a>
(Dutch) I gave a detailed analysis of how the Dutch consumer organization
'<i>De Consumentenbond</i>' tests the sustainability of smartphones. My
focus was on the methodology of testing and the presentation of the results.
Here I add a new surprising discovery and a summary of the analysis in my
previous blog.</span>
<br />
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
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<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Vinden-dat-vreemd.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="971" data-original-width="800" height="400" src="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Vinden-dat-vreemd.jpg" width="330" /></a>
</td>
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<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Strange results!</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;">(adapted,©RGvT)</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The smartphone test of </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><i>De Consumentenbond</i> is a one-dimensional ranking of 311 smartphones
based on a large number of criteria. This results in one top-ranking
smartphone: 'The Best in the test'. The winner is the iPhone. Most
criteria they use have to do with technical performance and features such
as camera, screen, sound, battery longevity, etc. Each property
contributes with a fixed percentage to the total score (100%). The
sustainability filter was introduced only this year on the website in
tests of smartphones. Sustainability is defined by properties such as
conflict minerals, child labour [6], durability, etc. These properties (if
known) are listed for each phone and are given either a quantitative (if
possible) or a qualitative value. Surprisingly, sustainability is not
included in the ranking of the phones (0%). (see my
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/11/consumentenbond-test-duurzaamheid.html" target="_blank">previous blog</a>). The result is that the 'Best of the test' is not (automatically) the
most sustainable smartphone because sustainability con</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">tributes only for a small percentage (if not zero!) to the total score.
That is how '<i>De Consumentenbond</i>' defines the total score. It is
good to realize that this is a choice, not a test result.<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Confusingly, their Sustainability evaluation method gives the iPhone a
9.3 and the Fairphone a 8.4 [1]. This is a mind-blowing result. So, the
iPhone is not only 'The Best', but also the 'Most Sustainable' smartphone
in the world. If true, than what was the point of bringing Fairphone to
the market, if smartphones were already sustainably produced? It would be
economic suicide for a start-up. The result of their evaluation method It
is contrary to what is generally accepted in the smartphone community,
namely that the Fairphone is the most sustainable smartphone
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> [2]</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">. For example, the company Fairphone is a member of the
<a href="https://www.faircobaltalliance.org/supply-chain-wide-collaboration/our-members/" target="_blank">Fair Cobalt Alliance</a>. Apple is not a member. So, how does De Consumentbond arrive at this
conclusion? In
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/11/consumentenbond-test-duurzaamheid.html" target="_blank">my previous blog</a>
I noted that a replaceable battery was <b>not</b> included in the
Sustainability filter on the website, but it is present as a separate
property. Again, this is a choice. Since the iPhone has
<b>no</b> replaceable battery, this decision results in the inclusion of
the iPhone in the group of sustainable smartphones. How wonderful! If they
had chosen to include a 'replaceable battery' in the definition of
sustainability, and implement it in the software on the website, than only
4 or 5 smartphones, including Fairphone, but excluding iPhone, would have
ended up in the group of sustainable smartphones. </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span>
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Repairability <br /></span>
</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUCBinjo6EVKvLkiJrSiI-4nQDTAYYy17H7TKHFteO_q7UuF9154SCzeU81yH1K58RqD3XEmtqlImyxzrGAErqDYxCVQhkte9PtlWWka5rKErI9PFCAXPhmQmAVoU_QE251dyLW6JVUO3jSIcb_vBbi5myBrRzmoHi9GDyVhD-Jo5lXxfQRQvh-TQi9IDL/s1046/Apple-doesntwantyoutorepairit.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="802" data-original-width="1046" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUCBinjo6EVKvLkiJrSiI-4nQDTAYYy17H7TKHFteO_q7UuF9154SCzeU81yH1K58RqD3XEmtqlImyxzrGAErqDYxCVQhkte9PtlWWka5rKErI9PFCAXPhmQmAVoU_QE251dyLW6JVUO3jSIcb_vBbi5myBrRzmoHi9GDyVhD-Jo5lXxfQRQvh-TQi9IDL/s320/Apple-doesntwantyoutorepairit.png" width="320" /></a>
</td>
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<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Apple doesn't want you to repair it.</span>
(<a href="https://youtu.be/fOk6YEqEfGA?t=165" target="_blank">source</a>)<br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Later I discovered another shocking fact:
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repairability" target="_blank">Repairability</a>
is not included in the definition of sustainability! Even worse, the whole
concept is absent [4].
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Again, this is a choice, not a test result.
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Repairability means that the owner of the phone can replace modules. In
the case of Fairphone no less than 11 modules. Clearly,
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">repairability is connected with the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity" target="_blank">modularity</a>
of the phone.</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
Repairability and modularity are the most important sustainability
features. If the owner can replace modules the phone will last longer. And
that is good from a sustainability perspective. It is well-known that
Apple has gone to extreme levels to make their phones
<b>un-repairable</b> by design by gluing parts together so that the owner
of the phone cannot replace them [3]. This is summarized in the discovery
of smartphone expert Hugh Jeffreys: '<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3e-b-7jCYk" target="_blank">Astonishing Anti Repair Practices By Apple In the Last 15 Years</a>' [3]. In 2009 Apple introduced the infamous anti-repair
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentalobe_screw" target="_blank">Pentalobe screw</a>. On the other hand, it is no secret that Fairphone is the most
repairable smartphone on the market [3]. It makes the Fairphone product
unique. It is the <i>raison d'être</i> of the company. Doesn't
<i>De Consumentenbond</i> know this? As professionals they ought to know
these facts. In fact, they know of the existence of the Fairphone. They
published about the Fairphone back in 2016 in their magazine
<i>De Consumentengids</i> [1]. </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_1794" target="_blank">Right to repair</a>: Right to repair: Commission introduces new consumer rights for
easy and attractive repairs. [19 Jan 2024]<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" target="_blank">Planned obsolescence</a> is an important Wikipedia page in which iPhone is mentioned several times! Read it! [19 jan 2024]<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span>
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Third party Certifications</span>
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> [added: 30 dec 2023]</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">An objective way of rating smartphones is by independent organizations. A
number of third parties rated the sustainability of the Fairphone
company: </span></span>
</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">EcoVadis</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Benefit Corporations (B Corps) <br /></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.ifixit.com/repairability/smartphone-scores" target="_blank">iFixit</a>: Fairphone-5: <i>10</i>, iPhone-15: <i>4</i>.<br /></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">French Repairability Index</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.ecoratingdevices.com/ratings/" target="_blank">Eco Rating</a>: Fairphone on top of list.<br /></span></span>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Source:
<a href="https://www.fairphone.com/en/2023/12/29/what-do-all-our-certifications-mean/" target="_blank">What do all our certifications mean?</a>
Fairphone 29 December 2023 <br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Fairphone is #1 on
<a href="https://thegoodshoppingguide.com/subject/ethical-mobile-phones/" target="_blank">Mobile Phones: Ethical Comparison Ratings Table</a>
and iPhone is #12.</span></span>
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Conclusion</span>
</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">It is one of two things: either the testing of smartphones is a work in
progress and <i>De Consumentenbond</i> struggles to include
'Sustainability' in a straightforward and consistent way in their tests,
or, God forbid it, we see here a bias against sustainable smartphones
disguised as a neutral, independent, objective, and quantitative test
method. It doesn't help to add: "Our tests are professional". It is beside
the point that the tests are being done in highly sophisticated
professional labs. My point here is that a bias creeps in through
<i>the value</i> they give to certain test parameters, the weight they
give it in a percentage of the total, and/or the omission of important
parameters such as repairability. If it is not explained how those values
are established, what the sources are, the values are subjective. That
creates opportunity for personal preferences for a particular smartphone
by the person who writes the reviews. Certifications by independent
organizations should be included as much as possible.<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Although I personally value sustainability very high, maybe the highest
of all features, I do not ask '<i>De Consumentenbond</i>' to do the same.
That would be subjective too [7]. However, if consumers are using the test
results as a guide for buying smartphones, the tests should be objective
and bias-free. And for consumers who value sustainability and
repairability, it should
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">be easy to select the most sustainable smartphone from the test
results.</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: small;"><span><i>Update</i> 3 Dec 23: small edits to eliminate potentially confusing
text and improving and clarifying my point.</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: small;"><span><i>Update</i> 30 Dec 23: Added paragraph Third party
certifications. </span></span>
</p>
<p><br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Sources </span>
</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Note [1] I am not allowed to quote any of the test results because they
are for members only. Maybe I have revealed already too much. This makes
it risky to discuss their method in public at all!<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>The Consumentenbond</i> knew of the existence of the Fairphone back in
2016 (see
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2016/11/bestaat-de-ethische-consument-en.html" target="_blank">my blog</a>). <br /></span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1jJzXmFEQO4iOGUlAz8xNfKaoMzavwUgj-GdCaxIX0Ygo84lwxfveE26USc0De1gFRBOWdXoXrpKlSzijZ6lVs7eKmqhcr60LhJGsk9RMvr-jR2_e3pMAVgEKnmP6kMq2pmGAZ5S4nQT7/s1600/MarleenBekker.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1jJzXmFEQO4iOGUlAz8xNfKaoMzavwUgj-GdCaxIX0Ygo84lwxfveE26USc0De1gFRBOWdXoXrpKlSzijZ6lVs7eKmqhcr60LhJGsk9RMvr-jR2_e3pMAVgEKnmP6kMq2pmGAZ5S4nQT7/w146-h200/MarleenBekker.jpg" width="146" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Marleen Bekker in<br />Consumentengids okt 2016.<br /></span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The <i>Consumentengids</i> published an interview with a disappointed
user of a Fairphone 1 (see picture above), she owned a Fairphone 1 but
hesitated to buy a Fairphone 2 because its price (500 euro). The first
fair phone was the most fair, but did not have the same features as other
smartphones on the market at the time. They could have interviewed a happy
Fairphone 2 user, but did not. In 2016 the Consumentenbond did not include
any ethical criteria in their tests. Apparently, a fingerprint scanner was
of higher value than ethical manufacturing practices.
</span></span>
</p>
<p></p>
<p>
[2]
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">For example:</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">- Clove Technology
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itOQNDSt88g" target="_blank">Fairphone 5 - The World's Most Sustainable Phone</a>
(YouTube, 31 Aug 2023).</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">- TechAltar:
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lU4vv7qCQvg" target="_blank">Is Fairphone really fair?</a>
(YouTube, 13 Oct 2023) </span></span>
</p>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2j3IAsau0x-8eY4jNOciHX_a6qIMcR252akt_8h6iNMg9OTycMcblQ8LQkEvOcaYTDP-S0pyZN31DaWJPJXILXexTqhWmMmYPfXK7ers_R17KRCmXOOboHqXTYtBP0A1huwLtOaXAa0HNkn3y4UGamLo-hsGlrCagFWdkX-m1Fsd8hP54oqkUdL-5S9-S/s932/Fairpbone-battery.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="932" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2j3IAsau0x-8eY4jNOciHX_a6qIMcR252akt_8h6iNMg9OTycMcblQ8LQkEvOcaYTDP-S0pyZN31DaWJPJXILXexTqhWmMmYPfXK7ers_R17KRCmXOOboHqXTYtBP0A1huwLtOaXAa0HNkn3y4UGamLo-hsGlrCagFWdkX-m1Fsd8hP54oqkUdL-5S9-S/s320/Fairpbone-battery.png" width="320" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://youtu.be/lU4vv7qCQvg?t=424" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is Fairphone really fair?</span></a>
<br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">- About the battery:
<a href="https://www.fairphone.com/en/2023/12/07/how-we-made-our-fairest-battery-yet-for-the-fairphone-5/" target="_blank">How we made our fairest battery yet for the Fairphone 5</a> (Dec 7 2023) added
<span style="color: red;">10 Dec 2023<br /></span></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">- Android authority:
<a href="https://www.androidauthority.com/phones-with-replaceable-batteries-2027-3345155/" target="_blank">All smartphones, including iPhones, must have replaceable batteries by
2027 in the EU</a>. July 13, 2023.</span></span><br />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;">- Tweakers: (Dutch)
<a href="https://tweakers.net/reviews/11432/duurzaamheid-gaat-gepaard-met-offers-fairphone-5.html" target="_blank">Duurzaamheid gaat gepaard met offers. Fairphone 5 Review</a>
(16-09-2023)</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">- Fraunhofer Institute report '<a href="https://www.fairphone.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Fairphone-4-Life-Cycle-Assessment-22.pdf" target="_blank">Life CycleAssessment of the Fairphone 4</a>', March 2022.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">- </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Fraunhofer Institute: </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.izm.fraunhofer.de/en/news_events/tech_news/keeping-phones-for-5-years-cuts-yearly-impact-on-global-warming.html" target="_blank">Keeping phones for 5 years cuts yearly impact on global warming by around
31%, finds Fairphone’s latest life cycle assessment</a>
May 03, 2022<br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">-
<a href="https://www.faircobaltalliance.org/supply-chain-wide-collaboration/our-members/" target="_blank">Fair Cobalt Alliance</a>: members are Fairphone, Google, Tesla, LG. Not: Apple!</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">-
<a href="https://thegoodshoppingguide.com/subject/ethical-mobile-phones/" target="_blank">Mobile Phones: Ethical Comparison Ratings Table</a>. Recommended reading. </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><br />
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">[3] Hugh Jeffreys
<span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto">(18 Sept 2022)
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2WhU77ihw8" target="_blank">iPhone 14 Pro Programmed To Reject Repair - Teardown and Repair
Assessment</a>. (youtube 16 min) Most detailed test of the unrepairability of the
iPhone (swapping parts between two identical iPhones!). Recommended!<br /></span></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto" style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Hugh Jeffreys (</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto" style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">5 Nov 2023) </span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto" style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3e-b-7jCYk" target="_blank">Astonishing Anti Repair Practices By Apple In the Last 15 Years</a>
(youtube 13:19 min)</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Hugh Jeffreys
<span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto">(29 May 2022)</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto">
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQbVuhwwd4s" target="_blank">Apples Self Repair Program Is Not What It Seems</a>
(youtube 18:00 min)</span></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Hugh Jeffreys
<span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto">(18 Jun 2023)</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto"> </span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vx-Lggf2TXc" target="_blank">New Laptop Brand Shocked Whole Computer Industry - Framework Laptop -
Teardown And Repair Assessment</a>.<br />This a review of the most repairable and upgradable Notebook on
the planet. </span></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto">Hugh Jeffreys (21 aug 2022)
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzS2vwDUO9U" target="_blank">If Apple Really Cared About The Environment They Would Stop Doing
This</a>. (problems with Activation Lock, e-waste issue)</span></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto" style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">[4] </span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto" style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">A work in progress? <b>The repairability of Notebooks.<br /></b></span>
</p>
<p>
<span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto" style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">De Dutch consumer organization '<i>De Consumentenbond</i>' tested the
<b>repairability</b> of 24 <b>laptops</b>/<b>Notebooks</b> in the December
issue of the <i>Consumentengids</i> ('Repareren? Vergeet het maar!', page
16-19). The test did <b>not</b> include the <b>Framework</b> laptop (why?),
although it is mentioned in the text. </span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto" style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Repairability was included in the ranking </span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(good!), but contributed only for 5%. Despite the lowest value for
Repairability, <b>Apple</b> MacBook Air was 'The Best of the Test'! So,
in practice repairability is not valued at all. The author Eric Verlooij
wrote that repairability is fine, but the higher price as an obstacle
(!). He is not alone. This is short-time thinking. He did not think of
the consequences of an unrepairable laptop with a broken component.<br />See
my blog:
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2022/04/framework-laptop.html" target="_blank">The Framework laptop: an upgradeable, modular, customizable,
user-repairable laptop</a>, 5 April 2022.<br /></span><br /></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">[5] Alex Alderson:
<a href="https://www.notebookcheck.net/Fairphone-5-World-s-most-repairable-smartphone-survives-savage-durability-tests.745058.0.html" target="_blank">Fairphone 5: World's most repairable smartphone survives savage
durability tests</a>. notebookcheck.net (Published 08/30/2023)</span></span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">[6] '<i>De Consumentenbond</i>' says of the Fairphone: '<b>Child labour</b>' 'not tested', however Child labour is mentioned on these pages:</span></span>
</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.fairphone.com/en/impact/good-working-conditions/" style="font-family: Open Sans;" target="_blank">Good Working Conditions
</a></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">(assessed 30 Nov 2023)</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.fairphone.com/en/impact/fair-materials-sourcing/" target="_blank">Fair Materials</a>
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">(assessed 30 Nov 2023)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[7] There are reviewers of the Fairphone 5 who understand and accept that
Fairphone is a sustainable smartphone, maybe even the most
sustainable smartphone, but in the end prefer a 'better' phone such as the
Google Pixel 7A because it has a better camera, battery, and price! A guy
from CNET claims this choice is '<b>objective journalism</b>':
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TywPfCjlCcM" target="_blank">Fairphone 5 Review: A Noble Cause, an Imperfect Phone</a>, 30 Aug 2023. Imperfect? Nonsense! All other smartphones are imperfect
<i>according sustainability criteria</i>. Are 'objective journalists'
prepared to state that they don't care about the environmental impact of
the 'best' smartphones? In the very last minute of his video CNET reporter
states that "the Fairphone could actually work out much better value in
the period of its life". Precisely! What is cheap! What is expensive! [
<span style="color: red;">added: 6 Dec 2023</span> ]</span></span><br />
</p>
<p><br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Further Reading</span>
</h2>
<p></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;">Morgan Meaker: <a href="https://www.wired.co.uk/article/right-to-repair-apple-france" target="_blank">France Is Fighting to Save Your iPhone From an Early Death</a>, WIRED, 19.05.2023. With iPhones getting harder and more expensive to
repair, French prosecutors have launched an investigation into the scourge
of <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" target="_blank">planned obsolescence</a></b>. [important article about the
non-repairability of iPhones]<br /></span>
</li>
</ul>
<p><br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Previous blog</span>
</h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/11/consumentenbond-test-duurzaamheid.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Consumentenbond test duurzaamheid smartphones: Apple iPhone is
duurzamer dan Fairphone!</span></a>
8 Nov 2023<br />
</li>
</ul>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-86013114440866652172023-11-08T12:18:00.055+01:002024-01-27T11:54:28.630+01:00Consumentenbond test duurzaamheid smartphones: Apple iPhone is duurzamer dan Fairphone!<p>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Op de website van de Consumentenbond staan op dit moment de testuitslagen
van 312 smartphones. Er is ook gekeken naar duurzaamheid. Wat blijkt?
Apple iPhone is duurzamer dan Fairphone! Dat vinden wij vreemd. Reden om op onderzoek te gaan.</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Vinden-dat-vreemd.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="971" data-original-width="800" height="400" src="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Vinden-dat-vreemd.jpg" width="330" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Fokke & Sukke vinden dat vreemd! </span><br /><span style="font-size: small;">(aangepast,©RGvT)</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<p></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">De feiten</span>
</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dit zijn de
<a href="https://www.consumentenbond.nl/smartphone/vergelijker?sort=score:aflopend&getest=true&goed_verkrijgbaar=true" target="_blank">testresultaten op de website van de Consumentenbond</a>: <br /></span></span>
</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de 'Beste uit de Test' van 312 smartphones: Apple iPhone 15 (3
modellen).</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de nieuwste Apple iPhones hebben duurzaamheidsscores van <b>9,1</b> tot
<b>9,3</b>. </span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">de</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nieuwste Fairphone 5 krijgt een <b>8,4</b> voor
duurzaamheid. </span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de website heeft een <b>filter</b> voor 'duurzamere keuze': dat levert
96 smartphones (30% van het totaal). Op 8 Nov: 95 smartphones.</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">bij de 'Beste uit de Test' telt 'duurzaamheid' voor
<b>0%</b> mee.</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">De 'Groen Keuze' wordt toegekend aan producten die op het testonderdeel
duurzaamheid minimaal een 7 scoren.<br /></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">De 'Groen Keuze' is (nog) <b>niet</b> toegekend aan smartphones, maar
volgens hun eigen maatstaven zouden alle iPhones een Groene Keuze
zijn. </span></span>
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinl9s1iZduZ8OW4jS2qv3sRVBSfWUFlbO-k0A-fFVY7WydFgf0Jwu5KmMRtSzeqzpxDfw7Xp1GnBDABQeWZ7VvZdh9aaUrFMJ3R_4aHkbFUi3HV_2_YUY1HItqiD4JW0QOY_SnJDULMMvKhiCQIowLxdANtnnGGB49wkdVGTGFNz9Mc_kDiLVre-3ZBA3J/s265/GroeneKeuze.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="204" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinl9s1iZduZ8OW4jS2qv3sRVBSfWUFlbO-k0A-fFVY7WydFgf0Jwu5KmMRtSzeqzpxDfw7Xp1GnBDABQeWZ7VvZdh9aaUrFMJ3R_4aHkbFUi3HV_2_YUY1HItqiD4JW0QOY_SnJDULMMvKhiCQIowLxdANtnnGGB49wkdVGTGFNz9Mc_kDiLVre-3ZBA3J/w154-h200/GroeneKeuze.jpg" width="154" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Consumentenbond Groene Keuze [4]. (</span><a href="https://www.consumentenbond.nl/nieuws/2022/consumentenbond-lanceert-predicaat-groene-keuze" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">bron)</span></a><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Wat is duurzaamheid?</span>
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/DuurzaamheidiPhone15ProMax.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="593" data-original-width="413" height="593" src="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/DuurzaamheidiPhone15ProMax.png" width="413" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
Duurzaamheid </span><span style="font-size: small;">(iPhone 15 Pro Max)
</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> <a href="https://www.consumentenbond.nl/smartphone/producten/apple/iphone-15-pro-max-256-gb-zwart-titanium" target="_blank">Screenshot 8 Nov 23</a> </span><span style="font-size: small;">©Consumentenbond</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<br /></span></span>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">De definitie van 'Duurzaamheid' van de Consumentenbond bestaat uit 2
delen:</span></span>
</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Duurzaamheid van het <b>bedrijf</b>: Conflictmineralen,
Kinderrechten, Elektriciteit, Rapportage</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Duurzaamheid van het <b>product</b>: Bestendigheid, Accessoires,
Stroomefficiëntie, <b>Verwisselbare batterij</b>, eSIM,
Bovengemiddeld, Duurzamere keuze.<br /></span></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Hoe wordt het duurzaamheids cijfer berekend?</span>
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span>
</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sommige onderdelen krijgen een cijfer, andere een vinkje. Kwantitatief
en kwalitatief lopen door elkaar. Dat geeft problemen bij het berekenen
van de score. Feitelijk kun je dan geen eindcijfer berekenen. Toch geeft
de Consumentenbond een kwantitatief eindcijfer en er wordt niet
uitgelegd hoe ze dat doen. Niet transparant en dus onbetrouwbaar.
<br /></span></span>
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">De resultaten</span>
</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Het blijkt dat </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de Apple iPhone 15 Pro Max niet alleen '</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">De Beste uit de Test' is, maar ook
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">een ongekend hoog rapportcijfer van <b>9,3</b> voor duurzaamheid
krijgt.
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dat is opmerkelijk want Fairphone als bedrijf is in 2014 opgericht om
een duurzame smartphone op de markt te brengen [5],[6]. Dat was revolutionair in
die tijd. Maar bij de Consumentenbond heeft
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fairphone 5 nota bene een <i>lager</i> rapportcijfer van
<b>8,4</b> voor duurzaamheid.
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alle iPhones hebben 9,1 of hoger voor duurzaamheid. </span></span>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Apple iPhone is duurzamer dan Fairphone?! Dat vinden wij vreemd
[2]. <br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Het blijkt dat iPhone op alle duurzaamheids punten beter scoort,
behalve 'Accessoires' en 'verwisselbare batterij'. De iPhone heeft
g</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">é</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">é</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">n verwisselbare batterij, Fairphone wel [3]. Maar volgens hun eigen
criteria is 'verwisselbare batterij' een van de duurzaamheidskenmerken!
Het weglaten van 'verwisselbare batterij' uit de duurzaamheidsscore is
dus de verklaring waarom iPhone zo hoog scoort. Ja, zo kan ik ook smartphones testen!
</span></span><br />
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Duurzaamheid telt niet mee</span>
</h2>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5w7xCxYReNcvJYaTA129OwCsDyQa67BPXn_dGc0Vp2yvVu3KynSzJRC2oS8mX6m_KSZTXLP0y9rGhFtft03u7elqGJ5BeofjfGcd2RdkoB7hE6EmVOCVTJBtjiMdyAkAweyA4KJC2cP5JBZKd0Isel_P3Byie7glwftH_HcoPaQzUEk5aMLBFu-BEPIKo/s910/Consumentenbond-Berekenen-testoordeel.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="910" data-original-width="498" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5w7xCxYReNcvJYaTA129OwCsDyQa67BPXn_dGc0Vp2yvVu3KynSzJRC2oS8mX6m_KSZTXLP0y9rGhFtft03u7elqGJ5BeofjfGcd2RdkoB7hE6EmVOCVTJBtjiMdyAkAweyA4KJC2cP5JBZKd0Isel_P3Byie7glwftH_HcoPaQzUEk5aMLBFu-BEPIKo/w350-h640/Consumentenbond-Berekenen-testoordeel.png" width="350" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hoe het testoordeel wordt berekend.<br />Pop-up op website</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">©</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Consumentenbond.<br />NB: let op Duurzaamheid!
</span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Het verwarrende is dat Duurzaamheid helemaal niet mee telt voor het
predicaat '<b>Beste uit de Test</b>'! (zie screenshot hierboven). Een
telefoon kan dus 'de beste' zijn zonder dat duurzaamheid überhaupt wordt
meegewogen. Waarom niet? De iPhone heeft de hoogste duurzaamheids scores
en die staan ook vermeld bij de kenmerken van de smartphones op de
website, maar dit telt kennelijk niet mee bij het eindoordeel. Op grond
van die score zouden de iPhones het predicaat 'Groene Keuze' moeten
krijgen. Maar geen enkele smartphone heeft dat predicaat. Verwarrend en
onbegrijpelijk.<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Duurzaamheidsfilter</span>
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"></h2>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Duurzaamheid-Verwisselbarebatterij.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="290" height="259" src="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Duurzaamheid-Verwisselbarebatterij.png" width="320" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Verwisselbare batterij: 4 van de 95 Duurzamere keuzes!<br />screenshot
8 Nov 2023 </span><span style="font-size: small;">©Consumentenbond</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Het nieuwe
<a href="https://www.consumentenbond.nl/smartphone/vergelijker?sort=score:aflopend&duurzame_keuze_c7z=Ja&getest=true&goed_verkrijgbaar=true&pagina=6" target="_blank">duurzaamheidsfilter</a>
op de website levert 96 smartphones op van de 311 totaal (=30%). Op 8
november zie ik 95 smartphones: Apple (45), Fairphone (3), Google (5),
Samsung (34), Sony (8). Best een groot aantal. Nadeel: het is onmogelijk
om ze <b>te sorteren</b> op duurzaamheid. Er wordt gesorteerd op de
'eindscore' (waarin duurzaamheid niet mee telt!). Dus met dit filter kun
je <b>niet</b> de meest duurzame smartphone selecteren. Maar dat is wel
wat je verwacht van een duurzaamheidsfilter. </span></span>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bovendien worden de kenmerken van duurzaamheid niet consequent
toegepast in het duurzaamheidsfilter: 'verwisselbare batterij' telt op
eens niet meer mee met als resultaat dat
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Apple, Fairphone, Google, Samsung, Sony duurzaam zijn, terwijl alleen
Fairphone, Samsung en Shift een verwisselbare batterij hebben. Klopt dus
niet.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2bwh2o1d-0D6T63cZjJD3x-8R60PJsOwpH5KbVVWHAkn1SkA6rrV2o7NpM6wPBhGKyzRKfLk_P6rHBkRy0mJb7p7L5l11WaP0w-0A-7-8RU7PO3rYDtNAdsFq4u86ofE_LxMdkVR2Ac9gCqg7SqattE7IOXc3xDZ84G3ZNin7k3MMi9BUY6TMS8c-YL21/s1048/Eerlijke-informatie.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="1048" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2bwh2o1d-0D6T63cZjJD3x-8R60PJsOwpH5KbVVWHAkn1SkA6rrV2o7NpM6wPBhGKyzRKfLk_P6rHBkRy0mJb7p7L5l11WaP0w-0A-7-8RU7PO3rYDtNAdsFq4u86ofE_LxMdkVR2Ac9gCqg7SqattE7IOXc3xDZ84G3ZNin7k3MMi9BUY6TMS8c-YL21/s320/Eerlijke-informatie.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Eerlijke informatie? </span><span style="font-size: small;">(<a href="https://www.consumentenbond.nl/wordlid/kies-en-koop" target="_blank">Consumentenbond</a> 5 dec 23)</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
<p></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Aanbevelingen</span>
</h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">De test scores moeten volledig na te rekenen zijn, er mogen geen
geheime factoren zijn die alleen de Consumentenbond kent</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">De duurzaamheids onderdelen moeten transparant zijn: er moet voor
iedere fabrikant, product of testonderdeel een link staan naar de
webpagina waar de informatie staat met datum van bezoek van die
pagina. Het liefst een link naar een rapport van een onafhankelijk certificering/keurmerken instituut. Alleen op die manier zijn beoordelingen controleerbaar.</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Het duurzaamheidsfilter moet <b>alle</b> duurzaamheidskenmerken
meenemen<br /></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alle telefoons moeten onpartijdig beoordeeld worden, daarom mogen er
geen subjectieve factoren binnensluipen.</span><br /></span>
</li>
</ul>
<p><br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Conclusie<br /></h2>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Het is goed dat de Consumentenbond duurzaamheid probeert mee te nemen
in haar testen. Maar: het is een raadsel waarom duurzaamheid nog steeds
niet mee telt de 'Beste uit de Test' bij smartphones. Het is ook een
raadsel waarom iPhones duurzamer zijn dan Fairphones. Het is een raadsel
waarom het duurzaamheidsfilter niet 'verwisselbare batterij'
meeneemt.</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">De berekening van de eindscores is een mengeling van kwantitatieve en
kwalitatieve scores. Die kun je niet optellen en middelen. Deze methode
is quasi objectief. Er wordt niet uitgelegd hoe daar mee om gegaan
wordt. Zelfs als je je beperkt tot de kwantitatieve scores, dan kloppen
de gemiddelden niet [2]. </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Het resultaat van dit alles is dat de testen van de Consumentenbond
niet te controleren zijn. Er is geen verantwoording van hoe de
Consumentenbond de duurzaamheid van een smartphone (product en en
bedrijf) wordt vastgesteld. Ze zijn ondoorzichtig en daardoor is
de waarde van de testresultaten dubieus. De Consumentenbond neemt
producenten de maat, maar wie neemt de Consumentenbond de
maat? <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Postscript</span></h2><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Ondertussen heb ik een mail naar Jorien van Hoogen (Consumentenbond, expert duurzaamheid) gestuurd (9 nov 23). Ondertussen (16 nov) heb ik een 'formele' reactie van de Consumentenbond (zie hieronder), maar nog geen inhoudelijke reactie. Ik weet niet of de mail daadwerkelijk is doorgestuurd naar Jorien van Hoogen, want ik heb tot nu toe nog geen reactie van haar.</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span>
</p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Het is me nog niet gelukt een bericht bij Fairphone of <a href="https://forum.fairphone.com/" target="_blank">Fairphone Community</a> achter te laten, want er zijn allemaal barrières en drempels ingebouwd. Als iemand anders een mogelijkheid ziet om Fairphone op de hoogte te brengen van dit blog, heel graag! </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">PS: ondertussen is het me gelukt om een bericht op het <a href="https://forum.fairphone.com/c/discuss/the-industry/39" target="_blank">Fairhone forum 'The Industry'</a> te posten (19 nov). </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Op 19 nov 2023 verscheen op de website van de Consumentenbond: <a href="https://www.consumentenbond.nl/smartphone/beste" target="_blank">De beste smartphone voor jou, door ons getest</a>. "Wij hebben 290 smartphones voor je getest". </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Laatste update van de test: 9 november 2023. Op<a href="https://www.consumentenbond.nl/smartphone/vergelijker" target="_blank"> 22 nov 23 waren 287 smartphones getest</a>:</span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR-g1-crMv7gMYn3Uwiiyy7aMTLpPi2ZD9gCZppsQKnqt315zbwfDU76_E6yLc0wzaSgjFACUL_5p6-f4GsIVnllPy5oF2PYyrFE4hO3bSXxSvItbw9kz6N4cP8FMCm1UDD7wsguHi1I8T7q9ZH272kA7SwgtEg-3ty7UsjE-uzkkiZFEcIrIOarB3srm5/s490/Consumentenbond-Duurzaamheid.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="490" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR-g1-crMv7gMYn3Uwiiyy7aMTLpPi2ZD9gCZppsQKnqt315zbwfDU76_E6yLc0wzaSgjFACUL_5p6-f4GsIVnllPy5oF2PYyrFE4hO3bSXxSvItbw9kz6N4cP8FMCm1UDD7wsguHi1I8T7q9ZH272kA7SwgtEg-3ty7UsjE-uzkkiZFEcIrIOarB3srm5/s320/Consumentenbond-Duurzaamheid.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Duurzaamheid 22 Nov 2023</span></span> <span style="font-size: small;">©Consumentenbond</span></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">De papieren Consumentengids December 2023 heeft op pagina 8 een korte bespreking van de Fairphone 5.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Op 23 Nov zie ik 270 resultaten in de smartphone vergelijker, gisteren waren dat er 287, dus vandaag zijn er 17 minder. </span></span><br /><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Postscript 16 nov 2023<br /></h2><p>Antwoord Consumentenbond: <br /></p><p>Geachte heer Korthof,<br />
<br />
Dank u voor uw bericht. <br />
<br />
Dank u voor het sturen van deze vergelijking. Ik heb uw bericht ter
informatie doorgestuurd naar de verantwoordelijke redacteur onderzoeker.
Als mijn collega's aanvullende informatie nodig hebben, nemen zij
contact met u op. Omdat wij dagelijks veel meldingen ontvangen, kunnen
we helaas niet garanderen dat wij actie ondernemen op uw blog. <br />
<br />
U gebruikt in uw blog een afbeelding van testresultaten van onze website
die alleen toegankelijk zijn voor onze leden. Volgens Artikel 21 van
onze Algemene Voorwaarden "mag de inhoud van onze periodieke en
eenmalige uitgaven, de inhoud van onze website of de inhoud van enige
andere onder het Auteursrecht vallende door ons verstrekte of openbaar
gemaakte informatie zonder onze toestemming niet vermenigvuldigen en/of
voor commerciële doeleinden inzetten." Dit stuur ik door naar onze
verantwoordelijke afdeling. Mogelijk nemen zij hierover nog contact met u
op.</p><p>Heeft u nog vragen? Neemt u dan contact op met de afdeling
Dienstverlening & Advisering. U bereikt ons op werkdagen tussen 9:00
en 17:30 uur via telefoonnummer (070) 445 45 45.<br />
<br />
Met vriendelijke groet,<br />
Consumentenbond
</p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Postscript 19 jan 2024<br /></h2><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <a href="https://nos.nl/artikel/2505434-techniek-nederland-schaf-btw-op-reparaties-af" target="_blank">Techniek Nederland: schaf btw op reparaties af</a>, NOS, 19 jan 2024<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Het heffen van btw belasting op reparatie is een perverse prikkel om een elektronisch apparaat niet te repareren maar weg te gooien en een nieuwe te kopen. </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In de Europese Unie geldt vanaf volgend jaar het wettelijke recht op reparatie. Met die wet, <em><a href="https://repair.eu/" target="_blank">Right to Repair</a>,</em> moeten apparaten makkelijker te repareren zijn.</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Noten</h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">De kosten van een beter milieu mogen niet volledig op het bordje van de
consument komen</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">? Dat is merkwaardig! Dus als consumenten energie slurpende apparaten
kopen, moet de overheid en het bedrijfsleven hen daarbij helpen?
subsidiëren? In tegendeel: de overheid zou energiezuinige apparaten
moeten stimuleren! en energieslurpers belasten! (zie Consumentengids Nov
2023 pagina 58
<a href="https://nl.linkedin.com/in/jorien-van-hoogen" target="_blank">Jorien van Hoogen</a>). Noot staat niet meer in tekst.<br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
Ga je de berekening van de scores narekenen dan kloppen ze niet. De
duurzaamheid heeft 2 onderdelen: duurzaamheid van het bedrijf en
duurzaamheid van het product:
</span>
<ul>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">duurzaamheid van het bedrijf = 9,8<br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">duurzaamheid van het product = 8,3 <br />gemiddelde = 9,05
terwijl de CB geeft 9,3. Dat is dus te hoog.<br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">het is onduidelijk hoe er geteld wordt als een item zoals
Kinderrechten niet bekend is<br /></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">De batterij is nogal belangrijk: wat doen we met de iPhone van €1479
tot </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">€</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">1980 als de batterij degradeert? Een nieuwe smartphone is de enige
optie als je de batterij niet kunt vervangen. De vervangbaarheid van de
batterij zit niet in het
<a href="https://www.consumentenbond.nl/smartphone/vergelijker?sort=score:aflopend&duurzame_keuze_c7z=Ja&getest=true&goed_verkrijgbaar=true&pagina=6" target="_blank">duurzaamheidsfilter voor smartphones</a>! </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Filter je bovendien op 'verwisselbare batterij' dan houd je maar 4
smartphones en daar zit dus geen iPhone bij.</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Vorig jaar mei heeft de Consumentenbond het predicaat 'Groene Keuze'
gelanceerd. Zie:
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.consumentenbond.nl/duurzaamheid/hoe-adviseren-wij-jou-bij-het-maken-van-een-duurzamere-keuze" target="_blank">Onze blik op duurzaamheid</a>, 5 mei 2022.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Het bedrijf Fairphone heeft sinds april 2015 een '<a href="https://www.bcorporation.net/en-us/find-a-b-corp/?query=fairphone" target="_blank">B-Corporation</a>' certificaat. Dat vindt U op de website van het bedrijf dat de certificering uitvoert: <a href="https://bcorporation.eu/find-a-b-corp/" target="_blank">B lab Europe</a>. "A Certified B Corporation is a company that has voluntarily met the highest standards for social and environmental performance." Toegevoegd <span style="color: red;">12 nov 2023</span>. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Helemaal onverwachts is het niet. In een smartphone test uit 2021 gaf Wouter Rensink de Apple iPhone 12 Pro (MAX) naast de Fairphone 3+ een vinkje voor duurzaamheid. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Helaas, duurzaamheid telde niet mee voor de berekening van de 'Beste uit de Test'! (er tellen in totaal 13 kenmerken mee). Toegevoegd <span style="color: red;">16 dec 2023</span>. </span>
</li>
</ol>
<p></p>
<p> </p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Links</span><br />
</h2>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;">https://www.consumentenbond.nl/duurzaamheid/hoe-adviseren-wij-jou-bij-het-maken-van-een-duurzamere-keuze</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;">https://www.consumentenbond.nl/duurzaamheid#duurzaamproduct</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">https://www.consumentenbond.nl/smartphone/hoe-wij-testen<br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;">https://www.consumentenbond.nl/smartphone/fairphone-3</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;">https://www.consumentenbond.nl/tablet/strengere-regels-voor-duurzame-productie-smartphones-en-tablets </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">https://cloudfront.consumentenbond.nl/binaries/content/assets/cbhippowebsite/gidsen/digitaalgids/2023/nummer-6---november/dg202311p40-keuzehulp-duurzame-smartphones.pdf<br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;">https://www.greenpeace.org/nl/natuur/6855/groene-elektronicagids-2017/</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;">https://www.fairphone.com/nl/over/over-ons/</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;">
https://www.consumentenbond.nl/tablet/strengere-regels-voor-duurzame-productie-smartphones-en-tablets
<br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;">https://www.consumentenbond.nl/stofzuiger/reparatie-elektrische-apparaten</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://thegoodshoppingguide.com/subject/ethical-mobile-phones/" target="_blank">Mobile Phones: Ethical Comparison Ratings Table</a> !!! <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Tweakers: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0UkoOwhDXA" target="_blank">Is dit de duurzaamste telefoon ooit? - Fairphone 5 Review</a>. 15 Sep 2023. Geeft een goed overzicht van de voor- en nadelen.<br /></span>
</p>
<p> <br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Vorige blogs over Consumentenbond</span>
</h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2022/09/zijn-de-testen-van-de-consumentenbond.html" target="_blank">Zijn de testen van de Consumentenbond objectief? De mythe van de
goedkope elektrische auto</a>, 29 September 2022</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2022/08/waarom-hoofdredacteur-consumentengids.html" target="_blank">Waarom hoofdredacteur consumentengids Mark Friederichs niet meer gaat
vliegen</a>, 31 August 2022</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2022/02/consumentenbond-telt.html" target="_blank">Consumentenbond telt diervriendelijkheid en klimaat niet mee in test
vegetarische rookworsten</a>, 08 February 2022</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2016/11/bestaat-de-ethische-consument-en.html" target="_blank">Bestaat de ethische consument en producent? De fairphone als
testcase</a>, 16 November 2016</span></span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-29227012686301601452023-10-20T11:39:00.011+02:002023-11-02T09:45:08.427+01:00I discovered the beautiful Humming-bird Hawk Moth (Kolibrievlinder) hovering above flowers in a Dutch garden<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiip1F6SLha2PYbN5PWYTFaLLgut2gn_UMFrSU-h3q1oOoXaV_SflV2Hpcol1GQh0PXxUN1mxwHlcaQhX2BPMR-VmvQAam0_GzDYSLrNoByylMC9hoF8nvXSMCPduWhsCWCGDk-N_Jow-Fbk4BzXm0D-CKL1ofoWHyHHLuWvn_dW8S7jAXE7KPTac-2Ttfd/s1386/SRX06805A.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1058" data-original-width="1386" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiip1F6SLha2PYbN5PWYTFaLLgut2gn_UMFrSU-h3q1oOoXaV_SflV2Hpcol1GQh0PXxUN1mxwHlcaQhX2BPMR-VmvQAam0_GzDYSLrNoByylMC9hoF8nvXSMCPduWhsCWCGDk-N_Jow-Fbk4BzXm0D-CKL1ofoWHyHHLuWvn_dW8S7jAXE7KPTac-2Ttfd/w400-h305/SRX06805A.JPG" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Humming-bird Hawk Moth visiting flowers</span><br />31Aug 23 SRX06805A.JPG©Gert Korthof<br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<br /><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">This summer I was photographing butterflies in
<i>De Tuinen in Demen</i> gardens, The Netherlands. These gardens have </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">literally </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">hundreds of flowering plant species. Unexpectedly, I found myself chasing a
Humming-bird Hawk Moth,
<i>Macroglossum stellatarum (Dutch: Kolibrievlinder)</i> hovering above the
flowers. </span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">The butterfly was quite difficult to capture because it constantly moved
from one flower to the next, and never sat down on a flower. Typically, they
hover a few centimeters above a flower and stick their tongue out to enter a
flower and quickly move to another flower. This is a very unique behaviour
for a butterfly. Most butterflies sit down on a flower for some time. This
exotic butterfly certainly deserves its name: it behaves like a hummingbird! </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">It is really acrobatic to enter such a long tongue into flowers while
hovering.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Later, when selecting the best pictures, I discovered the long tongue. At
that moment I remembered the cover illustration of
<span>Mark Ridley's <i>Evolution</i> textbook:<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLq23UuK0CGd1aIvdWRyZ8tu7a1eUD6MvvFbxDh4Gd2oqNT2Rs6Lk5w6LqSQtTCMpQbjXHlUTvFfek8jNk9zymt3oNyKjHiA1rP5ws28m0eeaUugI-TmAHcqPnVPaQoSDrXm8dGrrBZeXWVySu8q46XpXGsaWq6v7-_sIDziDWEJlQ3il2Fq941XMl1DSv/s728/Mark-Ridley-Evolution-3d-ed.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="728" data-original-width="559" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLq23UuK0CGd1aIvdWRyZ8tu7a1eUD6MvvFbxDh4Gd2oqNT2Rs6Lk5w6LqSQtTCMpQbjXHlUTvFfek8jNk9zymt3oNyKjHiA1rP5ws28m0eeaUugI-TmAHcqPnVPaQoSDrXm8dGrrBZeXWVySu8q46XpXGsaWq6v7-_sIDziDWEJlQ3il2Fq941XMl1DSv/s320/Mark-Ridley-Evolution-3d-ed.png" width="246" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">cover Mark Ridley Evolution 3d edition</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Ridley writes [1] that Darwin had seen specimens of the orchid
<i>Angraecum sesquipedale</i> which has a very long spur. A nectar spur is
a hollow extension of a part of a flower. Darwin speculated that a
butterfly with a very long tongue must exist. But at the time he did not
know such a species. Twenty years later such a butterfly was discovered:
the hawk moth <i>Xanthopan morganii</i> pollinating an orchid.
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The butterfly I photographed, Humming-bird Hawk Moth, is not the
same as the one on the cover of Ridley's Evolution. It is another genus.
but it belongs to the same family [2]. The plant species my Humming-bird
hawk moth visited is not </span>an orchid.
<span style="font-size: medium;">Now it gets interesting. Did my butterfly visit the 'wrong' flowers?
There are no flowers present that fit the tongue of my
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Humming-bird Hawk Moth</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">? Upon further inspection of my pictures I noted that the flowers also
had a rather long spur:</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvwcyrGI-Kois5UzabM8LK2SsIHMknxUCiHLVjPgs7opgmaSg_ub8jVnaLVp9QsAi1E1oBGMlI1sqNM9aUkO0gvuFVLeF2-xuIbE8otA6XyDDjqvF6l1r2HpmP55UXK3LfnEjOAEssSapoxiyboJKsRUnlHOQ0BDOlNumZF_z1Eq7d6khrR5Jb5sihmQIx/s1000/SRX06798A.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="841" data-original-width="1000" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvwcyrGI-Kois5UzabM8LK2SsIHMknxUCiHLVjPgs7opgmaSg_ub8jVnaLVp9QsAi1E1oBGMlI1sqNM9aUkO0gvuFVLeF2-xuIbE8otA6XyDDjqvF6l1r2HpmP55UXK3LfnEjOAEssSapoxiyboJKsRUnlHOQ0BDOlNumZF_z1Eq7d6khrR5Jb5sihmQIx/w400-h336/SRX06798A.JPG" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Size of flower spur indicated with arrow.</span><br />31Aug 23 SRX06798A.jpg©Gert Korthof
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span></span>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">But this spur is certainly not as long as Darwin's orchid. So, the
particular plant species and my
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Humming-bird Hawk Moth don't seem highly adapted. They did not
co-evolve.<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">This is a mystery. Are there plant species in the Netherlands or
elsewhere in Europe which are better adapted to the
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Humming-bird Hawk Moth? Plant species with a very long spur? I don't
know. More observations are needed. In the Netherlands our butterfly is
often seen on a common garden plant: <i>Buddleja davidii </i>(butterfly
bush,
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">vlinderstruik)</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> native to China and Japan.</span>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">The problem is that in
<a href="https://observation.org/">observation.org</a> and
<a href="https://waarneming.nl/">waarneming.nl</a> it is not required to
identify the plant species when submitting an observation of a butterfly
[3]. It is difficult to identify the plant species from the pictures</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en" style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">. Above that, waarneming.nl discourages users to upload non-native plant species and it could be that precisely cultured garden varieties are visited by the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Humming-bird Hawk Moth!</span></span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Another unique feature of this 'moth' are the eyes. They are looking at you:</span>
</p>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE3A4vOXNty-vBFr1nbI66bmmxzoQZXkDaACl8zgpzli1K4ABdCbtFb_ieE0IfBUSn0unTuqPBi7mwXLYRtvYIq06yyGJcaWp6gRN8bLyN5z9ihT9FrU2PY4IuQYioarP6avvgvgM3HliKHC5_rjU552LgKp6g9OIMuFTvofL1bHAPCwqRnFN9HQhNMDMW/s1000/SRX06802A.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE3A4vOXNty-vBFr1nbI66bmmxzoQZXkDaACl8zgpzli1K4ABdCbtFb_ieE0IfBUSn0unTuqPBi7mwXLYRtvYIq06yyGJcaWp6gRN8bLyN5z9ihT9FrU2PY4IuQYioarP6avvgvgM3HliKHC5_rjU552LgKp6g9OIMuFTvofL1bHAPCwqRnFN9HQhNMDMW/w400-h320/SRX06802A.JPG" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">He is looking at you!</span><br />SRX06802.jpg©Gert Korthof
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">It looks like a human eye!</span><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Then its wings: rather exceptionally for a moth, its wings have orange
patches!<br /></span>
</p><p></p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Finally, another mystery: what about pollination? Since it doesn't sit down on a
flower, the only point of contact is its tongue! Clearly, this is a wonderful
and unique butterfly, or should I say a moth?<br /></span>
<p></p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Additional nice pictures</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://waarneming.nl/observation/290848030/" style="font-family: Open Sans;">https://waarneming.nl/observation/290848030/</a></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://waarneming.nl/observation/290782391/" style="font-family: Open Sans;">https://waarneming.nl/observation/290782391/</a></span>
</p>
<p><br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Sources</h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Wikipedia: my hummingbird moth:
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird_hawk-moth" target="_blank">Hummingbird hawk-moth</a>; </span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Dutch wikipedia pages:
<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibrievlinder" target="_blank">Kolibrievlinder</a>, </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://waarneming.nl/species/6491/" target="_blank">Vlinderstruik</a></span></span>.
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">the genus of my butterfly:
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroglossum" target="_blank">Macroglossum</a>
is a species rich genus.</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Darwin's butterfly:
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthopan" target="_blank">Xanthopan morganii</a>; Darwin's orchid:
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angraecum_sesquipedale" target="_blank">Angraecum sesquipedale</a></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">wikipedia page
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar_spur" target="_blank">Nectar spur</a>
contains list of plants with nectar spurs.<br /></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
Gene Kritsky (2001)
<a href="https://academic.oup.com/ae/article-abstract/37/4/206/2474343?login=false" target="_blank">DARWIN's Madagascan Hawk Moth Prediction</a>, American Entomologist 37:206-210. I could not find the full text
version anymore.<br /></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Robbie Gonzalez <a href="https://gizmodo.com/darwin-predicted-this-animals-existence-decades-before-1703223208" target="_blank">Darwin Predicted This Animal's Existence Decades Before Its
Discovery</a>, May 13, 2015. Contains many further interesting details.</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">What about the amount of (junk) DNA of this butterfly? "Note that
ecology and physiology can also matter. Some organisms—such as
carnivorous plants and hummingbirds—may face stronger selection to purge
excess DNA. Consistent with the increased selection, these organisms
typically have smaller, sleeker genomes." (
<a href="https://academic.oup.com/evolut/advance-article/doi/10.1093/evolut/qpad176/7311403?login=false" target="_blank">source</a>
)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Location where I spotted the hummingbird hawk moth: <a href="http://detuinenindemen.nl/nl/" target="_blank">De Tuinen in Demen</a> The Netherlands.</span></span>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span>
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Notes <br /></h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Mark Ridley (2004) Evolution, third edition, page 617. Ridley discusses
the case in the paragraph 22.3 'Insect-plant coevolution'. But also that
the case is more complex than just the coevolution of insect tongue length
and flower spur length.</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Family:
<a href="https://observation.org/taxa/1559/" target="_blank">Sphingidae</a>
(pijlstaarten) is a very species rich family and the genus
<i>Macroglossum</i> has nearly a hundred species.</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Buddleja davidii </i>(</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">vlinderstruik), Lavandula species (lavendel), geranium, Valeriana spec
(rode valeriaan), Phlox, Verbena officinalis (ijzerhard) are visited by the </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Humming-bird Hawk Moth</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">.</span>
</li>
</ol>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-38611539679813722092023-09-13T10:11:00.010+02:002023-09-22T11:31:18.003+02:00The true history of junk DNA (2)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMbySZHxvuK7QGPKjDiFQj91WNZWEngXf5BknP3octkjIMz41qsVm9s3NYl32GnHxhOE1R9j4-XDgKgGbCKtCggP_qlPbkL1NRPsQWgyxu0V0hvVHXsbLj19kLJlC5o5JsnNjnpNpRddKU7VDrSFbDBFpndCeN-lWZwtQM0w5Qp5dnIlmmDM3F6a8HXBoi/s601/Francis_Crick_What_Mad_Pursuit_1988.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="601" data-original-width="372" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMbySZHxvuK7QGPKjDiFQj91WNZWEngXf5BknP3octkjIMz41qsVm9s3NYl32GnHxhOE1R9j4-XDgKgGbCKtCggP_qlPbkL1NRPsQWgyxu0V0hvVHXsbLj19kLJlC5o5JsnNjnpNpRddKU7VDrSFbDBFpndCeN-lWZwtQM0w5Qp5dnIlmmDM3F6a8HXBoi/s320/Francis_Crick_What_Mad_Pursuit_1988.jpg" width="198" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Francis Crick<br />What Mad Pursuit.<br />paperback 1988</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">"The originator of the central dogma, Francis Crick, was well aware of
genes that didn't encode protein.
<b>They don't figure into the central dogma</b>." (Laurence Moran (2023)
<i>What's in your genome</i>, chapter 8 paragraph 'Revising the central
Dogma?') (my bold)
</span>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Exactly: They don't figure in the Central Dogma! That is precisely the
problem! Crick omitted noncoding DNA from the Central Dogma. Had he
included it in his scheme, a lot of confusion could have been prevented.
</span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjItFUgV8xvAtUVl25ZTVQeJLwYhWJmYpU10XDS9PLol1UoW_Dd-aHUfle6D-wVhaPjwY2qmN1F8BNoO38SO3Pg3rBqm8yWRV9n1frMsSL6mDYH9VpSZl-oB1AkgGd5AWcV9tKbhoXQDiNu-ddHu_kdRVR-abNWNg7YjZaFMpqEnXuTEPr2j1IieSofY1Bx/s281/Francis-Crick-Central-Dogma.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="281" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjItFUgV8xvAtUVl25ZTVQeJLwYhWJmYpU10XDS9PLol1UoW_Dd-aHUfle6D-wVhaPjwY2qmN1F8BNoO38SO3Pg3rBqm8yWRV9n1frMsSL6mDYH9VpSZl-oB1AkgGd5AWcV9tKbhoXQDiNu-ddHu_kdRVR-abNWNg7YjZaFMpqEnXuTEPr2j1IieSofY1Bx/s1600/Francis-Crick-Central-Dogma.jpg" width="281" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Central Dogma, from: Francis Crick, <i>What Mad Pursuit</i>, page
168</span>.<br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Crick could have added an arrow from RNA to for example 'RNA genes'. He did
not</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">.
</span></p>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidcI5z-FxzkSwlv5X2TgSUt2_27ysKnY6AdmeuKxisCZnfDXJUkZsWZYNtQWNSG5VW4VHJfQLlY1n51INihA_PtF78CvRpBQORll-Rj0ha0Vr8UayucGh2XiPNnH85_CP5Hpv_gGAUP2Iszcna_oL8R5ckcrduEoG3T-AXNcQ4yhIZn1k84R3jkCRK7f-M/s394/Central-Dogma-version2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="231" data-original-width="394" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidcI5z-FxzkSwlv5X2TgSUt2_27ysKnY6AdmeuKxisCZnfDXJUkZsWZYNtQWNSG5VW4VHJfQLlY1n51INihA_PtF78CvRpBQORll-Rj0ha0Vr8UayucGh2XiPNnH85_CP5Hpv_gGAUP2Iszcna_oL8R5ckcrduEoG3T-AXNcQ4yhIZn1k84R3jkCRK7f-M/s320/Central-Dogma-version2.jpg" width="320" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">RNA genes added to Central Dogma</span>
(©GK)<br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">In this blog I want to explore possible reasons for this omission. They have to do with
the historical scientific context of the time that Crick proposed his
central dogma. I hope this will show that scientists misinterpreting the
Central Dogma are not fools and that Crick himself overlooked non-coding DNA
when drawing his Central Dogma diagram. But first a second quote from
Laurence Moran:
</span>
</p>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
"Many scientists have a very different view of the central dogma. They were
taught, incorrectly, that the real meaning of the central dogma is that DNA
makes RNA makes protein and the <i>only</i> function of DNA is to encode
protein ... They were <b>somehow</b> led to believe that there was only one
kind of gene, namely, protein-coding genes." (Moran, 2023,
<i>What's in your genome</i>, Chapter 8) (my bold)
</span>
</blockquote>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
Well, it is certainly not a mystery why many scientists were led to believe
that there was only one kind of gene: there is only one kind of gene in
Crick's illustration of the Central Dogma. <br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
Why did Crick not add RNA genes to his diagram? It is important trying to
understand the historical context at the time that Crick proposed his
Central Dogma. Traveling back in time is not easy, therefore I use Crick's own
account in <i>What Mad Pursuit</i>.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
The central problem of biology at the time was: How could genes possibly
construct all the elaborate and beautifully controlled parts of living
things? It was known that each chemical reaction in the cell was catalyzed
by enzymes. This is a defining property of life on earth. Furthermore, it
was known before 1953 that enzymes are proteins. Crick realized that the key
problem in biology was to explain how proteins were synthesized. In the
1940s a very influential hypothesis was proposed, the '<b>One gene - one enzyme' hypothesis</b>. The next question was: How do genes control the synthesis of proteins?
(Chapter 3 The Baffling Problem, page 33). Obvious today, but at the time it
was a problem at the frontiers of science. Further, it was also known at the
time that proteins were made of about 20 different amino acids.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
After the discovery that DNA consisted of a sequence of bases, the next
question emerged: what is the precise relation between genes and proteins?
Crick proposed the
<b>Sequence hypothesis</b>: the sequence of bases in DNA is a necessary and
sufficient condition for the sequence of amino acids in proteins. Crick:<br /></span>
</p>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
"Rereading it, I see that I did not express myself very precisely, since I
said "...it assumes that the specificity of a piece of nucleic acid is
expressed solely by the sequence of its bases, and that is sequence is a
(simple) code for the amino acid sequence of a particular protein." This
rather implies that all nucleic acid sequences must code for protein which
is certainly not what I meant." (Francis Crick, <i>What Mad Pursuit</i>,
Chapter 10, page 108).
</span>
</blockquote>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
Then Crick explains that other parts of the DNA sequence could be used for
control mechanisms (today: gene regulation) and he even mentions producing
RNA for purposes other than coding (today: RNA genes). Crick concluded: "I
don't believe anyone noticed my slip, so little harm was done." (page 109).
Unfortunately, Crick underestimated the long lasting influence of the famous
Central Dogma diagram.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">According to Moran the meaning of the Central Dogma diagram is that the
information in proteins cannot get out again. That, indeed, is what Crick
himself says (page 109). Unfortunately, the Central Dogma diagram is a weird
way to illustrate the non-existence of a specific type of information flow.
It is as if one wants to illustrate the absence of something with the
absence of something in an illustration. It isn't manifest. It seems rather
impossible to me to do that [2].<br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">In my view the point of the Central Dogma was to illustrate (albeit in a
partial way) the solution of the central question of the time and indeed of
all times: <i>how</i> <i>can genes specify proteins?</i> Crick himself
expressed this clearly:</span>
</p>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">"I shall… argue that the main function of the genetic material is to
control (<b>not necessarily directly</b>) the synthesis of proteins." [1] (my bold)<br /></span>
</blockquote>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">The Sequence hypothesis isn't a hypothesis anymore, and it isn't at the frontiers of science anymore, but 'The Sequence' is still and will always be one of the defining characteristics of life on earth [3]. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">This is certainly not an outdated idea from the pas. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Life as we know it is impossible without enzymes (=sequences) and without genes </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">(=sequences) </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">coding for them. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">The 'protein universe' is very much at the frontiers of science, new protein structures are discovered today [4].<br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p>
<p> </p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Appendix (1)<br /></h2>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">All the following concepts are about <b>protein synthesis</b>:
</span><ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Mendelian genes specify discrete phenotypic characters </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">(with the benefit of hindsight).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
The Sequence Hypothesis states that the sequences of DNA bases specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins. (Chapter 10 Theory in
Molecular Biology)<br /></span>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
The Central Dogma states the direction of flow of information from DNA to
RNA to protein and not back from proteins (chapter 10)<br /></span>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
The Genetic Code Table specifies which 61 DNA base triplets which amino acid
('sense' codons) and 3 base triplets which specify STOP chain ('nonsense'
codons) Chapter 8 and Appendix B.
</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">The Adaptor Hypothesis (Crick, Chapter 8 page 95) (the implementation of the Genetic Code in specific molecules: tRNA) doesn't make sense without protein synthesis.<br /> </span></li>
</ol>
<p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></p><p> <br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Appendix (2)</h2>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">The terminology used to describe genes makes only sense (!) in relation to
protein synthesis:
</span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">sense, nonsense, missense<br /></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">sense, anti-sense strand</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">positive-sense, negative-sense </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">coding strand, template strand<br /></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">coding, noncoding</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">translation <br /></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">STOP/START codons</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">the Genetic Code Table</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">triplets</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">in-frame/out of frame</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">ORF: Open Reading Frame</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">mRNA: messenger DNA<br /></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">tRNA: transfer RNA<br /></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">rRNA: ribosomal RNA <br /></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
Also, the concepts: <i>promoter</i> (DNA sequence to which proteins bind) and
<i>enhancer</i> (DNA sequence to which specific proteins bind) make only sense
(!) in the context of protein synthesis, <b>direct or indirectly</b>, because they promote
or enhance gene expression of protein-coding genes (mainly). </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Using these concepts implies protein synthesis on the basis of DNA sequences. </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">However, there are concepts not (directly) related to protein synthesis: <i>base
pairing</i>, <i>double helix</i>, <i>transcription</i>, <i>directionality</i>, <i>replication</i>.</span></p>
<p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Appendix (3)</h2><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">I wonder whether there is a total absence of any coding signature in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_RNA" target="_blank">non-coding RNA genes</a>. I found it difficult to find clear information about it. For example: do START and STOP codons occur in RNA genes? If so, do they have any effect? Do non-coding RNA genes have a triplet structure? Do single base deletions or insertions have similar effects </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">on RNA genes </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">as on protein-coding genes? (they don't disturb the reading frame). Are there functional RNAs completely independent and unrelated to protein (synthesis)? How did RNA genes originate? Did those they originate from coding sequences or from random sequences?<br /></span></p><br />
<p><br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">Notes</h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Matthew Cobb (2017)
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5602739/" target="_blank">60 years ago, Francis Crick changed the logic of biology</a>, PLOS BIOLOGY. Please note "</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><b>(not necessarily directly)</b>", this is a very ingenious way of including the indirect way of controlling protein synthesis: via enhancers and promoters. (<span style="color: red;">added 22 sep 2023</span>). <br /></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Elsewhere Crick designed another diagram which prevents the dilemma of illustrating the absence of something, see: Larry Moran (2007) <a href="https://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2007/01/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology.html" target="_blank">Basic Concepts: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology</a> blog.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">See for example <a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof66.htm" target="_blank">my review</a> of Tibor Gánti (2003) 'The Principles of Life'. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02892-z" target="_blank">‘A Pandora’s box’: map of protein-structure families delights scientists</a>, Nature 13 Dec 2023.</span></li></ol><p></p><p> </p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Previous blogs</span></h2><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/07/the-true-history-of-junk-dna.html" target="_blank">The true history of junk DNA</a> 31 July 2023</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/06/scientists-say-90-of-your-genome-is.html" target="_blank">Scientists say: 90% of your genome is junk. Have a nice day! Biochemist Laurence Moran defends junk DNA theory.</a> 26 June 2023 </span><br /> </li></ul><p><br /></p><div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
</ol>
<p></p>
</div>gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-70033065956447703732023-07-31T15:49:00.009+02:002023-08-21T09:46:53.853+02:00The true history of junk DNA<p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">"By the late 1960s, knowledgeable scientists were used to the idea that genes occupied only a small part of the genome, and in 1974 the editor of the journal <i>Cell</i>, Benjamin Lewin, was expressing the consensus view of the experts when he wrote that the C-value Paradox could be resolved by assuming that much of the genome is composed of nonfunctional repetitive DNA (junk DNA)." (Chapter 2 of Laurence Moran (2023) <i>What's in your genome</i>.)</span></span></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It may be that 'knowledgeable scientists' in the late 1960s knew that much of the genome is composed of junk DNA, but the 'consensus view' was not widely known in all sub-disciplines of the biological research community. Maybe the journal <i>Cell </i>was not read in the evolutionary biologist community. Probably, those experts were experts in a different field with its own journals and conferences.</span></span><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJYwrsWYayQL1x9khmd-GvQuwSAlC1a4MQw4rW03u3RctR-vupbZ8FPW96L2-BKOuCn9oMBXalc9tmNPYe9ahmdFXpYepInQTObS5QAQi5CW2J2I2lnbvqT0yKAn3l8tB76YNnY07ZchSBseoHc4LL31QTbhu29ZxVnUOoetd7aa8dEtLgGZemtQk61_ko/s399/Minkoff1984.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="357" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJYwrsWYayQL1x9khmd-GvQuwSAlC1a4MQw4rW03u3RctR-vupbZ8FPW96L2-BKOuCn9oMBXalc9tmNPYe9ahmdFXpYepInQTObS5QAQi5CW2J2I2lnbvqT0yKAn3l8tB76YNnY07ZchSBseoHc4LL31QTbhu29ZxVnUOoetd7aa8dEtLgGZemtQk61_ko/s320/Minkoff1984.png" width="286" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Eli C. Minkoff (1984) Evolutionary Biology.</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">I checked the oldest textbook I have, Minkoff (1984) <i>Evolutionary biology</i>. There is no 'junk DNA' and no 'non-coding' DNA in the index, despite the 'consensus view'. Yes, there are tRNA and rRNA (p.16), but these RNAs are not labeled as 'non-coding RNA' or 'non-coding DNA'. They are in the business of producing proteins. They are the very embodiment of the genetic code. Therefore, it would be somewhat counterintuitive to call them 'non-coding'. Yes, there is 'genetic drift', neutral mutations, 'neutralism versus selectionism', 'genetic load', 'mutational load' in his book, but Minkoff did not connect these concepts with 'non-coding DNA'. The concept is absent anyway. 'Centromere' is mentioned once casually (p.19), I could not find 'telomere'. Anyway, 'centromere' is not labeled as 'non-coding DNA'. Why is non-coding DNA absent from the book? </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">I think I found part of the answer in the following passage:</span></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">"One of the fundamental tenets of modern synthetic theory of evolution is that natural selection operates on the phenotype rather than the genotype. No genetic change can be influenced by natural selection unless it first produces some phenotypic change. It is largely for this reason that modern evolutionary biologists must be aware of the manner in which phenotypes are controlled." (p.114)</span></span></blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">This was an eye-opener for me. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">The phenotype is the most important, the genotype is important only in so far it has an effect on the phenotype. Who cares about DNA that does nothing? Evolutionary biology has the task of explaining the organism. </span></span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">A second foundational paradigm I found here:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">"Proteins are among the most important of all biological molecules. (...) The great intricacies of living systems are all the result of enzyme-controlled activities (...) enzymes are therefore the chemical basis of life". (p.17).</span></span></blockquote><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Taken together these two principles explain the mindset of evolutionary biologists in those days. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">If they did know about non-coding DNA, it simply had no relevance to the goals of their daily research. On page 37 there is a table labeled as 'The Genetic Code for Translation of mRNA Codons into Amino Acid sequences'. The famous table. It makes sense in this context, because the Genetic Code is the link between DNA and proteins. The reason for the existence of the Genetic Code is to produce proteins. The Watson-Crick structure of DNA plus the chemical structure of the four bases is present in the book. Minkoff knows the necessary biochemistry. Unfortunate exception: <i>introns</i> and <i>splicing</i> are absent! Introns were discovered in 1977.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">There is one isolated and thus mysterious remark which vaguely suggests something like 'non-coding DNA':</span></span></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">"Not all of the genotype is transcribed and translated into a portion of the epigenotype, nor are all the transcribable genes ever transcribed at the same time." (p.114) ['epigenotype' = "the polypeptides that result from the immediate transcription and translation of the genotype"]<br /></span></span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">That's all. Probably, Minkoff was vaguely aware of non-coding DNA. But why include it in his textbook? He did not elaborate the concept because in his opinion it was simply not relevant or nothing was known about it. DNA which is not transcribed and translated has nothing to contribute to the phenotype of the organism, consequently nothing to biology and evolution. It doesn't fit in the evolutionary biology paradigm of that time </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">[1]</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">So, that is the 'true history' of non-coding DNA based upon Minkoff (1984) and that was taught to biology students at that time. He did not say that non-coding equals junk, but by omitting non-coding DNA, he implied that non-coding DNA is unimportant. If one makes statements about the history of junk DNA, one has to investigate the evolutionary biology textbooks, especially older ones. Minkoff was an eye-opener for me. I checked more evolutionary biology textbooks: 8 out of 17 do not have 'non-coding DNA' in the index. <br /></span></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">"As Sandwalk readers know, there was never a time when knowledgeable scientists said that all non-coding DNA was junk. They always knew that there was functional DNA outside of coding regions." (<a href="https://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2023/07/how-could-graduate-student-at-kings.html" target="_blank">Sandwalk</a>)</span></span></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">I think one has to take into account that there are different scientific disciplines with their own paradigms, leaders, journals, conferences, and networks. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Thanks for reading. Have a nice day!</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Notes<br /></span></span></h2><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">On page 18 he writes: </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">"there
are other sequences in each DNA molecule that do not appear to
determine the amino acid sequence of any polypeptide. Some of these may function as "spacers", and others are
believed to function as <b>regulatory genes</b>, which control the transcription of other genes." (page 18, chapter 2: Basic Principles of Genetics). Here he describes non-coding regulatory genes! He doesn't realize that these non-protein-coding DNA sequences must have indirect effects on the phenotype, and consequently are important for evolutionary biology! In the subsequent development of evolutionary biology, the evolutionary importance of regulatory genes became evident. <i>Added:</i> <span style="color: red;">21 Aug 2023<br /></span></span></span></li></ol><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Previous posts</span></span></h2><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/07/junk-dna-in-evolution-textbooks-2-from.html" target="_blank">Junk DNA in the Evolution textbooks (2) from 1996 to 2023</a> 26 Jul 23</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> <br /></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/07/junk-dna-in-evolution-textbooks.html" target="_blank">Junk DNA in the evolution textbooks. Bergstrom and Dugatkin 2023</a> 12 Jul 23</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> <br /></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/07/periannan-senapathy-1994-claimed-that.html" target="_blank">Periannan Senapathy (1994) claimed that the human genome consists of more than 90% junk DNA</a>. 4 Jul 2023</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/06/scientists-say-90-of-your-genome-is.html" target="_blank">Scientists say: 90% of your genome is junk. Have a nice day! Biochemist Laurence Moran defends junk DNA theory</a> 26 Jun 23<br /></span></span></li></ol><p></p>gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-21548916024632463022023-07-26T12:34:00.014+02:002023-08-02T11:38:25.747+02:00Junk DNA in the Evolution textbooks (2) from 1996 to 2023<p></p>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span>
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<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">Futuyma, Kirkpatrick (2023) Evolution.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">fifth edition </span></span><br />
</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>In the
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/07/junk-dna-in-evolution-textbooks.html" target="_blank">previous blog</a>
I discussed
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Bergstrom and Dugatkin <i>Evolution</i>, third and first edition.
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Today I continue my investigation of 'junk DNA' in the Evolution textbooks
with a textbook by <b>Douglas Futuyma</b> and
<b>Mark Kirkpatrick</b> (2023)
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><i>Evolution</i> </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">also published this year</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">. </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
Although "junk DNA" does not occur in the index, on page 86 (chapter
' Mutation and variation'), the authors state: "In humans for example, 98% of
the DNA does not code for any <b>gene product</b>." Note: they do not say
'protein product', but 'gene product'. However, the capture of figure 10.13
states: "Less than 2% is devoted to <b>protein-coding</b> sequences." (p.274).
So, if that is what they mean by 'gene product' the 98% is OK. They explain these matters in an excellent and up-to-date chapter about genes and
genomes (chapter 10). On page 281 the authors ask:
<br /></span></span>
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
"Does that mean the 98% of our genome that is noncoding is actually
junk? We are still far from having a clear answer to this fundamental
question. (...) some of the resulting "junk" now plays key roles in
regulating gene expression, and the cell's metabolism has coevolved with
the total quantity of DNA in the nucleus. (...) Like an addict and his
drug, eukaryotes may not be able to break their dependence on a bloated
genome. But their is good news in this story. When ancient eukaryotes
acquired large amounts of of noncoding DNA, it opened new options for
the evolution of gene regulation. That, in turn, may have enables the
origin of complex life-forms, including ourselves." (p.281)<br /></span></span>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
In the end-of-chapter section called '<i>What We Don't Know</i>' (by the
way, a nice feature!):
</span></span>
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
"Also debated is the fraction of the eukaryotic genome that has a
function. One large-scale study estimated that 80% of the human genome
has a function." [the reference is the
<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11247" target="_blank">ENCODE publication</a>
in <i>Nature</i>, 2012]. "That estimate, however, has been criticized as
far too high, and many evolutionary biologists would agree that perhaps
only about 10% of our genome has a definite function" (p.281).
</span></span>
</p>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaXypoON7g_ntn8hiep9JaDabvM8YCTk5MBddFNHuxhik_w3RgSZI7afVdIxHujfRYrPrvUOd2_rYilgjM0x_aAH30MnWwydvfDeGNRqsKoKFmLEJtcVDrp_bhmJdpToN8thJ7tKNtTbQCUosf1MmLEAK_exMcLbPexaK7Au66PZUGql31uCuphxB-BfIc/s670/Figure10-13.jpg" style="font-family: Open Sans; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="640" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaXypoON7g_ntn8hiep9JaDabvM8YCTk5MBddFNHuxhik_w3RgSZI7afVdIxHujfRYrPrvUOd2_rYilgjM0x_aAH30MnWwydvfDeGNRqsKoKFmLEJtcVDrp_bhmJdpToN8thJ7tKNtTbQCUosf1MmLEAK_exMcLbPexaK7Au66PZUGql31uCuphxB-BfIc/w383-h400/Figure10-13.jpg" width="383" /></a></span>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
Figure 10.13. (p.274). Adapted from Gregory (2005)<br /></span></span>
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<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br />This seems a fair and correct description of the status of the scientific evidence. What I miss in figure 10.13 is the difference between functional
and non-functional DNA (perhaps an unreasonable demand!). The functional sequences outside protein coding
sequences will be hidden in the 98%. '<b>Functional RNA</b>' is not present in
the book. One can find a comprehensive treatment of functional and
nonfunctional RNA in Moran (2023) (see
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/06/scientists-say-90-of-your-genome-is.html" target="_blank">my blog</a>
26 June).</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
"<b>Alternative splicing</b> is a major mechanism used by eukaryotes to
increase organismal complexity " (p.274). </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Is it really 'a major mechanism'? This is a controversial statement because there is no quantitative estimate of
its importance. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Futuyma and Kirkpatrick </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> do not mention non-coding tRNA (transfer RNA), but ribosomal RNA
(</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">rRNA) </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">is present (p.269). However, both are not introduced as good
examples of non-coding DNA (they do not code for proteins but are
functional). </span></span>
</p>
<p>
Note [<b>3</b>] about Futuyma, 1st edition, 1979
</p>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Nicholas Barton <i>et al</i> (2007) <i>Evolution </i></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span></span>
</p>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Nicholas Barton <i>et al</i> (2007) <i>Evolution</i> has a very good
discussion of junk DNA, selfish DNA, C-value, non-coding DNA. Fortunately,
they also pay attention to the disadvantages of a big genome (p.597). For
example, in insects metamorphosis requires rapid cell division and is
harder when massive amounts of DNA must be replicated. It shows that
natural selection can downsize large genomes. Which is good to know! It
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">brings</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> the burden of large genomes back into focus. This is important:
t<b>ransposons</b> can by accident acquire a new function. They do not
give an estimate how often this happens. "<b>Introns</b> are frequently
considered to be junk DNA. However, comparative sequence analysis has
revealed that the sequence of some introns is highly conserved, suggesting
that functional constraints have played a role in evolution." (p.220).
"Overall, about 18% of nucleotides are conserved in introns and
intergenic regions, compared with 72% within exons" (546). "Such studies
suggest that in that in multicellular eukaryotes, at least as much
non-coding as coding sequence is maintained by selection." (p.547). If all
possible <b>alternative splicing</b> possibilities are taken into account,
species such as humans can make millions of different proteins, even
though they each have only 25,000 protein-coding genes. Alternative
splicing provides a significant source of novelty for diversification"
(p.221). This is regarded as controversial </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">by some</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">. <b>Transposable elements</b> have sometimes been co-opted to aid
their host (p.598). Sometimes <b>pseudogenes</b> acquire new functions.
These views contrast with those of Laurence Moran (2023). Further </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">research is necessary.</span></span><br /></p>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">Freeman, Herron (2007) <i>Evolutionary Analysis</i></span>
</p>
<p></p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><i style="font-family: Open Sans;"></i></span>
<p></p>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span> </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span> </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span> </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>The most recent edition of </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Freeman and Herron </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>is the fifth edition (2013). I don't have that edition, I used </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><i>Evolutionary Analysis</i> 4th edition (2007). There is
no 'junk DNA' and no 'non-coding DNA' in the index. Unexpectedly and
paradoxically, <b>transposons</b> –a prime example of selfish genetic
elements– are discussed in chapter 15 '<i>Phylogenomics and the molecular basis of <b>ADAPTATION</b></i>'. </span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">But first, read this stunning remark (remember, this book was published before
ENCODE 2012):</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><b>"In humans only about 1.2% of the genome codes for proteins."</b>
(p.576)<br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">They do <b>not </b>comment on this remarkable statement. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">It is an isolated statement from an unknown source. However, they do state
that the "extra" DNA responsible for the C-value paradox consists of
transposable elements: "In the human genome, for example, over 44% of the
DNA present is derived from transposable elements (p.576). What about
the remaining 54%? They do not tell. Unknown?<br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Fortunately, the authors discuss the burden of these genomic parasites. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">It costs the cell time, energy and resources t</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">o replicate a genome with a lot of transposons (p.577). Funny remark:
transposons are present in the genome in "often <b>appallingly</b> large
numbers"! Such an emotional remark is really funny for a textbook! Good to
know: transposons are not 100% non-coding DNA, because they
encode the enzyme <b>transposase</b>. They have further important
information: <b>defense mechanisms</b> against transposons (!), and:
"work by John Moran (!) (1999) suggested that transposition events in
eukaryotes may occasionally result in mutations that confer a
<b>fitness benefit</b>." (p.581-583). They conclude:</span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">"Even though most transposable elements function as genomic parasites and
most transposition events result in deleterious mutations, it is
increasingly clear that at least some transposition events result in
important new genes or other changes that have a positive impact on the
fitness of organisms." (p.584).</span>
</blockquote>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">My conclusion: there is<span>
no 'junk DNA' and no 'non-coding DNA' in the index</span>, and more puzzling, there is also no discussion of introns and splicing.
That is a serious omission for an evolution textbook. The origin of introns
is a longstanding evolutionary mystery. However, they have interesting
things to say about transposable elements. According to Laurence Moran 37%
of our genome consists of introns and according to Futuyma, Kirkpatrick
(2023): 26% (see figure above). Obviously, without introns Freeman and
Herron don't have a complete overview of non-coding DNA and can't calculate
the sum total of functionless DNA in our genome. Yet, they know that 1.2% of
the genome codes for proteins! I guess that </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Freeman and Herron are optimistic about the possibility of finding more
useful elements in the uncharted parts of the human genome and therefore
avoid the concept 'junk DNA'. Reasonable.<br /></span>
</p>
<p><br /></p>
<p></p>
<p>
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<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">Strickberger's <i>Evolution</i> Fourth edition 2008</span></span>
</p>
<p><br /></p>
<p><br /></p>
<p><br /></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Strickberger's <i>Evolution</i> is a famous evolution textbook. The first edition was published in 1990. The fifth edition appeared in 2013. The most recent edition
I have is the fourth edition (2008) authored by Brian Hall and Benedikt Hallgrimsson (I don't know whether Strickberger participated in this edition). 'Junk DNA' [1] and 'non-coding DNA' are not in
the index. However, 'junk DNA', 'selfish DNA' and 'C-value paradox' are discussed in
the text.
</span></span></p>
<blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
"According to some molecular biologists, many transposable elements and
other forms of repeated sequences contribute little, if any, function to
their host cells. Because the DNA replication <b>process cannot discriminated
between functional and nonfunctional sequences</b>, it replicates any introduced
sequence. Transposon DNA and repeated sequences may therefore perpetuate
parasitically as either "junk" or "selfish" DNA. (p.221).
</span></span></blockquote>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Important information is present in Box 12.1 'Quantitative DNA measurements'. In connection with the ENCODE project the following paragraph contains intriguing thoughts which I quote in full: <br /></span></span></p>
<blockquote><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">"According to Bird [1995], eukaryotes were able to circumvent such "noise" by a nuclear membrane that separates transcription from protein translation, allowing only translatable messenger RNA sequences to filter into the cytoplasm, and by tightly folding the DNA of functionally unnecessary genes into nontranscribable confirmations, using nucleosomes and their histones. To these <b>transcription-repressing</b> mechanisms, Bird claims that vertebrates added DNA cytosine methylation, formerly used mostly to suppress genomic parasites such as transposons." (p.260). (my bold)<br /></span></span></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Especially the concept <b>transcription-repressing</b> is intriguing because according to the ENCODE project and Laurence Moran there is <i>pervasive transcription</i> in the cell and most of it is noise! This would disprove the success of transcription-repressing mechanisms? Apparently, the mechanism fails spectacularly. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">My own thoughts are that maybe <i>because</i> transcription is restricted to the nucleus and those RNA transcripts are not exported to the cytoplasm, and consequently are not translated, large-scale transcription can be tolerated by the cell. This assumes that protein synthesis is more costly than transcription. I admit that it is still a burden, but the burden has been halved.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">In contrast to <span>Freeman, Herron (2007)</span>, in this book 'introns', the "Introns early - Introns late-hypothesis" and alternative splicing are present. Interestingly, they describe introns as mobile DNA sequences that can splice themselves out, acting like transposon-like elements. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Brian Hall and Benedikt Hallgrimsson do not favor the concept 'junk DNA'. It is obvious from this remark: "various biologists have been tempted to consider some or many such sequences as forms of "selfish DNA'." (p.262).</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Stearns_Hoekstra_2005.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="130" data-original-width="100" src="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Stearns_Hoekstra_2005.gif" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">Stephen Stearns, Rolf Hoekstra (2005) Evolution, an introduction, second edition, paperback.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Relevant topics are 'jumping genes', 'transposons', 'introns', 'B-chromosomes'. Not found in other textbooks: <b>B-chromosomes</b> are not transcribed and do not contain information vital to the organism, they are genomic parasites (p.362). This fits the definition of junk DNA, although Stearns and Hoekstra do not use the concept. They make an interesting remark about transposons: several mechanisms have evolved to suppress the deleterious effects of active transposons (p.363). I would like to know more about them! "In humans they [transposons] may account for 45% of the genome". "Transposons illustrate genomic conflict between selection favoring mutants that increase the replication rate of transposons and selection favoring the suppression of transposons through stronger replication control." (p.363). They have a chapter about Genomic Conflict. There is no new edition of this textbook.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/MarkRidleyEvolution-3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="128" data-original-width="98" height="128" src="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/MarkRidleyEvolution-3.jpg" width="98" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mark Ridley (2004) Evolution, 3rd Edition<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Non-coding DNA is listed in the index under 'DNA, non-coding' [2]. One relevant paragraph 2.4: 'Large amounts of non-coding DNA exist in some species'. The human genome contains 5% maybe up to 10% of genes. "The function of non-coding DNA is uncertain. Some biologists argue that it has no function and refer to it as "junk DNA". Others argue that it has structural or regulatory functions." "Most non-coding DNA is repetitive." (p.27). Alternative splicing is mentioned (gene <i>slo</i>), but there is no diagram of exon-intron structure of a gene (!). The existence of genes coding for RNA (rRNA, tRNA) is mentioned in a footnote ("some genes code for RNA" ! p.25). Further information in Chapter 19 'Evolutionary Genomics' is about the evolutionary history of transposable elements ("About 45% of the human genome is derived from transposable elements", p.567). I am a little disappointed, I expected more of Ridley. Please note, that the draft Human Genome sequence was published in 2001. No definitive conclusions possible at that time. There is no new edition.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Genomics-averyshortinroduction.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="157" data-original-width="100" height="157" src="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Genomics-averyshortinroduction.jpg" width="100" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">Finally (for now...), John Archibald (2018) 'Genomics: A Very Short Introduction', Oxford University Press, 135 pages, has a succinct description of the ENCODE project in the paragraph "Jumping genes and 'junk' DNA" (p.50-53): "The ENCODE project's broadest and most controversial claim is that 80 per cent or more of the human genome has a biochemical function. "<br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Skelton.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="140" height="180" src="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Skelton.jpg" width="140" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Peter Skelton 'EVOLUTION. A biological and palaeontological approach' (1993, 1994, 1996)</span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;"><span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[<i> added </i>29 July ]</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I ignored this book because I did not expect it would contain junk DNA. Surprise. In chapter 3: <i>Heredity and Variation</i>, the C-value paradox is explained and illustrated with the well-known genome size diagram of various groups of organisms (Fig. 3.5). I</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en" style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">t immediately stands out that all salamanders and lungfish have bigger genomes than all mammals, birds and reptiles. The C-value paradox is explained by differences in the amount of various repetitive sequences, and polyploidy. Bats and birds have a high metabolic rate and their genome size is lower than other mammals (p.84). ln 1977 introns were discovered. There is a diagram (Fig. 3.9) of gene structure (intron-exon structure). This figure shows introns with smaller sizes than exons. Unfortunately, students get the false impression that these are the right proportions. However, introns are generally larger than exons. Alternative splicing is described (p.90). Transposons are explained (p.92). Conclusion</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="HwtZe" lang="en" style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">: despite this book appeared before the publication of the human genome in 2001, </span></span></span>t<span class="HwtZe" lang="en" style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span class="jCAhz ChMk0b"><span class="ryNqvb">he ingredients of 'junk DNA' are present. So, it doesn't matter that the word 'junk DNA' isn't used.<br /></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Conclusion</b>: The word 'junk DNA' is absent in the index and in the text of 4 of the 9 textbooks I investigated. However, if 'junk DNA' is not in the index of a textbook, it always pays to search for <b>transposons</b>, <b>introns</b>, <b>jumping genes</b>, <b>selfish DNA</b>, <b>pseudogenes</b> or <b>C-value paradox</b>. This review of evolution textbooks is not exhaustive (I could not check all editions of all textbooks). Those listed here are the most interesting and give sometimes additional useful insights and different points of view. Some are pre-2012, some post-2012, but all except Skelton are post-2001. In general authors know that less than 2% of our DNA codes for proteins, but are not sure about the rest. I agree. N</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">obody can claim to know exactly how much of our genome is useless junk. Even assuming that 90% of our genome is junk, there is no solid answer to the question <i>why is there so much junk in our genome</i>, and <i>why it hasn't been eliminated</i>.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Not discussed here is John Parrington (2017) <i>'The Deeper Genome. Why there is more to the human genome than meets the eye'</i> (OUP paperback). This is a must read. He gives very interesting examples of beneficial non-coding DNA derived from transposons, and has a point of view other than that of Moran (2023). I hope to blog about it in the future.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thank you for reading!</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Notes</span></span></h2><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Later I found 'junk DNA' listed under 'Deoxyribonucleic acid' - "junk DNA" in the index! [<span style="color: red;">30 Jul 23</span>]</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Non-coding DNA is listed in the index under 'DNA, non-coding' </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[<span style="color: red;">30 Jul 23</span>]</span></span></li><li> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Futuyma (1979) Evolutonary Biology (1st edition). page 439: "Nonetheless, there is an enormous amount of redundancy
in the genome, and its significance is obscure. In may animals as much
as 60% of the genome seems to consists of short (less than 300
nucleotide pairs) repeated sequences, some present in thousands of, even
a milion, copies". That's all. (personal communication Gerdien de Jong) [<span style="color: red;">1 Aug 23</span>]<span><span> <br /></span></span></span></span></li></ol>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-51543468775803407202023-07-12T11:29:00.006+02:002023-07-30T15:48:56.970+02:00Junk DNA in the evolution textbooks. Bergstrom and Dugatkin 2023<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;">
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Bergstrom,<br />Dugatkin 2023</span><br />
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<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">In a
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/06/scientists-say-90-of-your-genome-is.html" target="_blank">previous post</a>
I discussed Larry Moran (2023) '<i>What's in Your Genome? 90% of Your Genome Is Junk</i>'. He argued that 90% of our genome is junk and has no function until
proven otherwise. What about the textbooks? Is 'junk DNA' discussed in the
Evolution textbooks? What do they say? </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">The latest Evolution textbook was published this month: Bergstrom and Dugatkin
(2023) <i>Evolution</i>, third edition. There is no '<b>junk DNA</b>' in the Index,
but <b>non-coding DNA</b> is present and 'junk DNA' is mentioned once in chapter 10: Genome Evolution (page 371).
There is a lengthy and excellent discussion of the <b>C-value paradox</b> (differences in
genome size do not correlate with organism complexity) and the G-value
paradox (multicellular eukaryotes tend to have very similar numbers of
protein-coding genes despite large differences in organismal complexity).
According to the authors the C-value paradox is solved by the observation
that most of the genome is non-coding DNA. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">"Nonetheless, the additional
genetic material may be co-opted in any number of ways, allowing subsequent
evolution by natural selection of complex genome organization". </span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">The solution
of the G-value paradox is that regulatory networks matter more than the
total number of genes. Humans have 2000 transcription factors whereas the
nematode has 500. The authors don't speculate about it, but I'd love to know how many transcription factors
chimpanzees have! Then we would know what a difference they make. They could be redundant.</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Bergstrom and Dugatkin</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
don't seem to believe in 'junk DNA': </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">"the noncoding regions of our genome
are extensively transcribed and are heavily involved in regulation of gene
expression (Mattick <i>et al</i>, 2010)".</span></blockquote><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">According to Moran, John Mattick
is </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">one of the ENCODE leaders and </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">one of the most prominent opponents of junk DNA. The authors could not have
read Moran, but they could have encountered strong criticism of the ENCODE
conclusions. In line with their adaptionist views, and contrary to the view
that most alternative spliced genes are splicing errors, the authors think
alternative splicing is important in producing different protein products
from the same gene.</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>
So, introns can have advantages. Further, they argue that transposition
(transposons) can potentially have advantages as well. Because the authors
think much noncoding DNA could be useful, they do not take the burden
of junk DNA serious. If it is functional, there is no burden. Yet, they write that
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>introns impose substantial fitness costs.</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span> T</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>hey do not attempt to quantify the costs. As a consequence they don't have an
idea of the magnitude of nonfunctional DNA and the magnitude of the
evolutionary costs of junk. </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiybuPU7r_xRZ4Z0wxmqK1TSnajktr9u7JnkuCWpUJZ1GygnipxHQ0vzQ4xi_i8WAEWv_syf9-ZIpP3BCFKj6BQgBiTjfvRl-kB4GJE74pWkR5uoDQnygGIUXRL67MgMP9V36h7S6kO5q788HuY1z-eRwOCjpLR7Obug6zMkoj1n-0-Jtx-CXlfUhTww2rB/s517/Figure10_20.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="517" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiybuPU7r_xRZ4Z0wxmqK1TSnajktr9u7JnkuCWpUJZ1GygnipxHQ0vzQ4xi_i8WAEWv_syf9-ZIpP3BCFKj6BQgBiTjfvRl-kB4GJE74pWkR5uoDQnygGIUXRL67MgMP9V36h7S6kO5q788HuY1z-eRwOCjpLR7Obug6zMkoj1n-0-Jtx-CXlfUhTww2rB/w400-h301/Figure10_20.png" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Figure 10.20 Composition of the human genome.<br />Adapted from Gregory (2005)
</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
<br /><span style="font-size: medium;">In figure 10.20 in chapter 10 protein-coding genes contribute only 1.5% of the total DNA of the human genome. There is a category 'Other' which contributes 11.6% to the total DNA but it is not clear whether it is junk or functional DNA. The authors do not state what the total percentage of junk DNA is. One cannot derive if from this figure because for example the 'Introns' and 'Other transposons' category could contain some useful DNA. My impression is that for the authors junk is an open question. They do not claim that most of our genome is functional.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Bergstrom_Evolution.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="158" data-original-width="130" height="200" src="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Bergstrom_Evolution.jpg" width="164" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bergstrom, Dugatkin 2012<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">In Bergstrom and Dugatkin (2012) I found interesting remarks about the <i>disadvantages</i> of introns:</span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"Yet, introns may impose substantial fitness costs as well. First, introns increase the total size of the genome, thereby increasing metabolic costs and decreasing the maximal rate of cell replication. Mutations to the spliceosomal recognition sites can disrupt RNA processing, and thus they can create nonfunctional proteins. Introns also offer refuges for active transposons and other selfish genetic elements that can subsequently cause deleterious mutations." </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (p.364)</span></span></blockquote><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Unfortunately, they do not attempt to calculate the costs. 'junk DNA' is not in the text.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[<span style="color: red;">added 22 Jul 2023</span>] <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In a next blog I will discuss other Evolution textbooks.<br /></span></span>
</p><p></p>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-78163674954138823512023-07-04T11:54:00.005+02:002023-08-07T11:49:57.589+02:00Periannan Senapathy (1994) claimed that the human genome consists of more than 90% junk DNA<p></p>
<blockquote>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">"Most of the DNA in a genome is junk: The genes exist only as small
islands in large oceans of meaningless DNA" </span>(p.544) [1]<br />
</p>
<p></p>
</blockquote>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These beautiful poetic and prophetic words were written by genome scientist Periannan
Senapathy in 1994 [1]. But he made a more precise claim: </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
the human genome consists of 90-99.5% junk DNA. This is his most extreme
claim. Elsewhere in his book he writes "When we know that greater than 90%
of the genome is junk (unused) DNA." He further notes that ""Introns are
similar to intergenic junk DNA, except introns occur within individual
genes rather than between genes. The average length of an intron is
approximately ten times longer than the average length of an exon."
Elsewhere he writes: "the proportion of introns in a gene is greater than
90%". He does not refer directly to a specific source for this estimate
[3].<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiydWOlv6K35lGPRJrv5ULE0Eq0B-rBiBlo0eHIO96pdhXMdZjuRRyjPdoKna6oZP3v0gQxXT7yQKoOBBC3rhSCeIcv0TSQDepPai1svt0n2B_-nNB8pxDfiPJ5UqAVQEipqQBVjPDo6YxftguYjq7JlzC2Sj06vxsI2EPQvQd2I_-uar67oi0FU-mThfGs/s758/Senapathy-Figure8-11.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="758" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiydWOlv6K35lGPRJrv5ULE0Eq0B-rBiBlo0eHIO96pdhXMdZjuRRyjPdoKna6oZP3v0gQxXT7yQKoOBBC3rhSCeIcv0TSQDepPai1svt0n2B_-nNB8pxDfiPJ5UqAVQEipqQBVjPDo6YxftguYjq7JlzC2Sj06vxsI2EPQvQd2I_-uar67oi0FU-mThfGs/w400-h320/Senapathy-Figure8-11.png" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Figure 8.11. Assembly of a genome by random combinations<br />of DNA
sequences in the primordial pond<br />leads to long “junk” DNA between
islands of genes.</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span></span>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">In 1994 when he published his book no whole genome sequence was
available, let alone a human genome. The sequence of one chromosome of
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">the eukaryote yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
was published in 1994 and two years later the complete genome was
published. Senapathy based his claim on an estimate of evolutionary
biologist and textbook author Douglas Futuyma (1986) that the protein
coding genes of an eukaryote would account for less than 10 percent of the
average genome [2].
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Futuyma himself did not use the term 'junk', instead he used 'non-coding
DNA' of unknown function, but Senapathy
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">interpreted that as junk. <br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">This is very remarkable estimation. This year Laurence Moran wrote a book
with the title '<i>What's in Your Genome? 90% of Your Genome Is Junk</i>'
(see my
<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/06/scientists-say-90-of-your-genome-is.html" target="_blank">previous blog)</a>. So,
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Senapathy's </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">90% junk claim predates Moran's claim by almost 30 years. In that
sense Moran' was not the first. But, note that Moran's claim is
extensively documented, whereas Senapathy's claim is a rough
estimate.</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Senapathy was aware of the C-value paradox. The C-value is the haploid
amount of DNA in a species. The C-value paradox is "the lack of
correspondence between C values and the amount of genetic information in
the genome." He knew for example that the amount of DNA in each cell of
many amphibians and plants is 50 to 100 times larger than that of human
beings. He explains the origin of junk DNA and the C-value paradox by
random assembly of random DNA in genomes in the 'primordial pond' (Figure
8.11). It follows from his theory that
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">"The genome sizes in various organisms are randomly
distributed." </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">The 90% claim is intimately connected with his theory about the origin of
eukaryotes. I will not explain nor criticize his theory here because I did
it extensively on my
<a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof58.htm" target="_blank">website</a>. Here I only want to point out that junk DNA and random DNA are the
cornerstone of his theory. He defines junk DNA thus: "junk DNA and introns
do not have any function" and "any change in the junk DNA should, by
nature, be necessarily neutral as far as the function of any gene or the
whole genome is concerned". This is still correct today. He claims on the
basis of statistical analysis of gene sequences in the GenBank database
that "today’s eukaryotic genes are almost random in sequence." (!). It
perfectly fits in his theory and it is consistent with Moran's 90% claim.
Finally, considering his own theory, it is no surprise that Senapathy
fully accepts junk DNA. However, I think it is a biased view. In my next
blog I shall have a look at what the Evolutionary biology
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">textbooks </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">have to say about 'junk DNA'.<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p><br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Notes</span>
</h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
Periannan Senapathy (1994) "Independent Birth of Organisms. A New Theory
That Distinct Organisms Arose Independently From The Primordial Pond
Showing That Evolutionary Theories Are Fundamentally Incorrect"</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">His sources are: </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">D. J. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Futuyma (1986) Evolutionary Biology, Sinauer Associates, page 48
and database GenBank (Center for Biotechnology Informatics, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland).</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">In humans, intron lengths contribute 95% of the average gene’s sequence (Venter et al. 2001 'The sequence of the human genome'). That is 7 years <i>after</i> Senapathy's claim. [ <span style="color: red;">3 Aug 2023</span> ] According Laurence Moran (2023) 3% of a gene is exon, and 97% is intron. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">[ 7<span style="color: red;"> Aug 2023</span> ]</span></span>
</li>
</ol>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-86692092979348399112023-06-26T09:19:00.029+02:002023-11-10T11:24:41.214+01:00Scientists say: 90% of your genome is junk. Have a nice day! Biochemist Laurence Moran defends junk DNA theory.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTZ1eGLrMafUWgiBWhjgCLeevsexEanmVrMOghl_dvqszeEYt2ejVGSNJz2UkwFWTt3rMJNOsB27ZRIGPsgGYUsJ60sCOaRxuEvBsoR4e4L2nd-EmayqBzpjt2rKp1ZZnJG2eIdHj6VsCdR4GOOmzWQ4O51aZvbC5jW3onATEzyUcBn6KdMRf66PTUBg/s390/LarryMoran-JunkDNA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="260" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTZ1eGLrMafUWgiBWhjgCLeevsexEanmVrMOghl_dvqszeEYt2ejVGSNJz2UkwFWTt3rMJNOsB27ZRIGPsgGYUsJ60sCOaRxuEvBsoR4e4L2nd-EmayqBzpjt2rKp1ZZnJG2eIdHj6VsCdR4GOOmzWQ4O51aZvbC5jW3onATEzyUcBn6KdMRf66PTUBg/s320/LarryMoran-JunkDNA.jpg" width="213" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Larry Moran (2023)<br />'What's in Your Genome?<br />90% of Your
Genome Is Junk'
</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">"The scientist says: science has explained many things about the universe.
Your life has no meaning. Have a nice day." [1]</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">Biochemist Larry Moran brings more bad news: 90% of your genome </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">has no meaning! Even w</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">orse: the remaining 10% is not a finely tuned Swiss watch but prone to mistakes and
errors! </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;">Have a nice day!</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: large;"> </span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">This is really not good for your self-esteem: </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><i>The Deflated Ego Problem</i>, as Moran calls it.</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> He himself doesn't seem to be worried
at all. He, like many molecular biochemists and geneticists, had many years to get used to
the idea and trying to understand it. They are comfortable with the idea
that large genomes are full of junk DNA. Moran eliminated God <i>and</i> natural selection for 90%. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Read the book and decide for yourself if he is right. This book is not the usual popular
science book. Moran is not a science journalist. The book has a high density of facts and arguments and no anecdotes.
It is a book length and systematic defense of the junk DNA view. Whether you agree or not with Moran, after reading the book your view of the human genome (and some other things) will never be the same again.<br /></span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">In 2012 a large international group of scientists, called
the ENCODE consortium, claims that 80% of our genome has some biochemical
function. Junk is still there, but they reduced it to 20%. Top science journals <i>Nature</i> and <i>Science</i> published their results and opinions and seem to agree. Moran strongly
disagrees. He argues that long before scientists were able to sequence the
first whole genome (that is before 2000) there was evidence that much of our genome simply must be junk. I was not aware of some of those facts
(or have forgotten it?). Amazingly, the ENCODE scientists didn't know those
facts either and accused the 'junk DNA scientists' of having based their
claims on ignorance because you cannot assume that all that DNA is
junk without a thorough investigation. But according to Moran, the opposite
is true: the anti-junk scientists are ignorant of a lot of evidence. Clearly
it is necessary to know the history of the field. Moran explains that
history. Read it.</span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Natural selection</span>
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></h2>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Evolutionary biology was forced to adapt to a constant stream of new
discoveries in biochemistry and genomics. The author of
<span><i>What's in Your Genome?</i> rejects the Darwinian view that every
property of an organism must have a function and must have been selected
by natural selection (a view called adaptionism or pan-adaptionism).
Remarkably, he follows paleontologist S. J. Gould in his criticism of
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>pan-adaptionism</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>. Moran has the rather extreme view that "<i>most of evolution has nothing to do with natural selection</i>". I hope he meant to say: "</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>most of evolution <i>at the molecular level</i> has nothing to do with
natural selection." But, I am not sure. In defense of Darwin, I must say
that Darwin was concerned with organisms and the goal of his theory was to
explain adaptations of organisms. In Darwin's time there was next to
nothing known about genetics, let alone of DNA. So, Darwinism explains
features of organisms (beaks, claws, eyes, wings, brains) as adaptations
created by natural selection. Potential readers of
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><i>What's in Your Genome?</i> </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>must be aware that the book is not about the precious 10% of our DNA that
makes us human. It is not surprising that a biochemist focuses on
non-adaptive features of organisms. Especially a biochemist who defends that 90% of
your DNA is non-functional. There is so much noise in biochemical
reactions, they are very messy and there is so much needless complexity at
the genomic and cellular level.<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>Again unsurprisingly, Moran has sympathy
for the idea that mutation is a prime mover in evolution, an idea
called '<b>mutationism</b>' and argued by Masatoshi Nei [3]. It is
reasonable to claim that the 90% junk is explained by mutation and random
drift and further that natural selection is powerless to remove the junk. However, it is
unreasonable to extrapolate that to a general rule in evolution and call
it mutationism. Let me illustrate that by a thought experiment of
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>Masatoshi Nei </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>approvingly quoted by Moran:<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p></p>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">"Nei emphasizes the importance of mutation by asking us to consider a
parallel universe - one with natural selection but no mutation and one with
mutations but no natural selection."</span>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">In the first universe there will be no evolution, in the second there will still be evolution since new genes and new variants will appear and their
frequency in the populations can increase by random genetic drift. This is Nei's explanation. But it is nonsense. It is a false dilemma. It is just as silly as asking which of
the legs of a table is the most important. Evolution needs <i>both</i>
mutation and natural selection. Secondly, Nei simply <i>assumes</i> organisms with
functional genes at the start of his thought experiment. The thought experiment will not work if
there are no organisms in the first place. How did those organisms
originate? By random genetic drift? Genomes will mutate to extinction if the fitter genomes will not be amplified relative to the less fitter genomes. Any existing life form is proof that natural selection has created functional genes. In <i>both</i> hypothetical universes there would be no living organisms to start with. Conclusion:
mutationism cannot possibly be a general theory of evolution. Despite his endorsement of mutationism, Moran knows that natural selection is indispensable as an important indication of function of a DNA or RNA sequence. The fact that specific sequences are conserved between species shows they are functional and must have been selected. Moran knows that.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span><br />
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Is junk DNA a burden?</span>
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span></span></span>
</h2>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRxvlHZKQ9z64AsYz9OxE_ds6MrM1MrVSCt6JCThbsHcj5rDYyONacUJhKvLEG-GBVXctNWl4Q_vJFhOeUPf0TGudV-wjPgwjCBxnm4shaCp2aXXZtUk8NHb5SITTom4zunMuuk6Qynfwnhpk1pXNuCJ-iXnYYtmZFSzNAdXnpXCUrpgLFu05F6aDY-dsx/s570/genomesziedistribution2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="570" height="385" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRxvlHZKQ9z64AsYz9OxE_ds6MrM1MrVSCt6JCThbsHcj5rDYyONacUJhKvLEG-GBVXctNWl4Q_vJFhOeUPf0TGudV-wjPgwjCBxnm4shaCp2aXXZtUk8NHb5SITTom4zunMuuk6Qynfwnhpk1pXNuCJ-iXnYYtmZFSzNAdXnpXCUrpgLFu05F6aDY-dsx/w400-h385/genomesziedistribution2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Genome size distribution<br /> Figure 2.1 </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Chapter 2.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br />Note: birds (green) have smaller genomes than mammals (red)<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span><br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>A valid question is: why didn't natural selection remove most of the
junk from our genomes? The amount of junk seems disproportionate. The standard explanation (also adopted by Moran) is: 'small
population size'. Species with large population sizes have less junk
(bacteria). Animals with smaller populations sizes have lots of junk. Is that a
universal law? Is it the correct explanation? But what about birds? "</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Avian genomes are small and streamlined compared with those of other
amniotes by virtue of having fewer repetitive elements and less non-coding
DNA</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>" [4]. Is that because they have larger population sizes or could it be
that the energetic burden of large amounts of junk is too much for birds?
Moran writes: "The pufferfish genome is only one-eighth the size of our
genome, and the lungfish genome is 40 times larger than the human genome".
Can this be explained by different population sizes? Are effective population sizes known? Are there 8 times as many pufferfishes than humans? Prokaryotic genomes range from about 500 kb to about 12 Mb [8]: does that correlate with population sizes? </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>The existence of huge amounts of useless DNA conflicts with the evolutionary principle
"use it or lose it." (cavefish lost their eyes). Useless DNA is copied and
repaired by a complex repair system at every cell division. "Most of our
genome is transcribed" also adds to the burden. These spurious
transcripts must be removed by RNA quality control, surveillance and
degradation machinery. Again, this adds to the burden. Introns have to be degraded. "Incorrectly spliced RNAs are rapidly degraded by enzymes that clean up mistakes": this adds to the burden as well. Furthermore, "Some pseudogenes will be transcribed and still produce a
protein. This does not mean they have a biologi</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>cal function." Again this adds to the burden. I wished Moran had discussed these questions. Too easily he accepts the
population size argument and doesn't take the burden problem serious. To me it seems
appropriate to discuss the burden problem in a book length defense of junk DNA [<b>12</b>].</span></span>
</p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Null hypothesis or null dogma?</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br /></span>
</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">It's clear this is a polemical book. It is a very forceful criticism of
ENCODE and everyone who uncritically accepts and spreads their views
including <i>Nature</i> and <i>Science</i>. I agree that this criticism is
necessary. However, there is a downside.
<span>Moran writes that the ENCODE research goals of documenting all
transcripts in the human genome was a waste of money. Only a relatively
small group of transcripts have a proven biological function ("only 1000
lncRNAs out of 60,000 were conserved in mammals"; "the number with a proven function is less than 500 in humans"; "The correct null hypothesis is that these long noncoding RNAs are examples of noisy transcription", or <i>junk RNA</i>"). Furthermore, Moran also
thinks it is a waste of time and money to identify the functions of the
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>thousands of transcripts that have been found because he</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span> <i>knows</i> its all junk. I disagree. </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>The null hypothesis is an hypothesis, not a fact [9]. One cannot assume it is
true. That would be the 'null dogma'. He writes: "We don't know how many lncRNA genes there are in the
human genome."! Exactly!
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>We simply <i>must </i>know all the functional elements in the human
genome. We can't afford to be ignorant about that. We'll never understand
disease.
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>We never know the difference between humans and chimps if we don't know
<i>all the functional DNA</i> in both genomes [7].</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>
In the year 2000 the human genome sequence was published. That was also a
huge project costing millions of dollars [10]. But we should have an inventory
not only of protein coding genes, but of all non-coding genes, all
regulatory sequences and simply all functional DNA in the human genome. It
would be irresponsible and unacceptable to stop that kind of research
simply because ENCODE claims too much. We should find a way to do it
efficiently.</span></span>
</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span>
</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">A book as this comes with a bias. For example the concept: "<b>functional pseudogenes</b>" is absent!
"There are only 200 human pseudogenes that produce a protein". </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><i>Only</i>! Are they not important or interesting? John Avise thinks </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><i>functional pseudogenes</i> are important enough to be counted as a "conceptual
breakthrough" [5]. Whereas ENCODE is too optimistic about the importance of 90% of our genome,
Moran is perhaps a little bit too pessimistic. [11]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br /></span></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Coping with a sloppy genome?</span>
</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">The Deflated Ego Problem is not solved by claiming it isn't a problem. We need more than that. Let me try: there could be no junk DNA if there would be not
enough functional DNA. It is the <i>non</i>-junk DNA that keeps us alive. Simply the fact that there is 9 times more junk than functional DNA, does not prove that the 90% is the most important part. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">It may be that natural selection has no power over the 90%, but it rules over the 10%. And the 10% is the most important part of our genome. Thanks to the 10% we have rather unique brains. We are the only species that invented science and write books and blogs. Thanks to the 10%. Apparently, the junk burden is compatible with life. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">For now. We have learned to live with introns. We are not alone, salamanders and lungfishes have much more junk DNA in their
genomes. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Junk DNA is not cancer. Junk DNA doesn't make us sick, it doesn't hurt. Even Einstein must
have had 90% junk DNA in his genome! Nobody ever died of junk DNA, etc. etc. etc.<br /></span>
</p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">In my own scientific education I learned about polyploidy in plants
(huge redundancy!), constitutive heterochromatin in chromosomes, introns
(unexpected discovery!) and repetitive DNA (ALU). But at the time it wasn't called junk DNA. In 2011 I
<a href="https://sites.google.com/site/junkerscherer/wat-doen-j-s-met-introns" target="_blank">wrote</a>
against the ID-view of introns. Although I knew these facts, I was
not aware of the magnitude. I knew bits and pieces, but Moran made the sum total and put a number on the
amount of junk. In that sense Moran created a 'conceptual breakthrough' (in the
words of John Avise). In the past, authors who published about junk DNA never made the 90% claim explicitly. Moran places it prominently in the title of his book. In my next blog I will discuss about junk DNA in Evolution textbooks. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">I discovered that I have been a victim of the ENCODE propaganda [6] and it seems this happend to John Avise too. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> Moran succeeded
after a prolonged struggle against a tribe of Wikipedia geniuses to
create a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_DNA" target="_blank">Junk DNA</a> </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Wikipedia </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">page. His book is not (yet) listed on that page. The
Dutch Wikipedia page <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk-DNA" target="_blank">Junk DNA</a>
says that 'junk' is an inappropriate word. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Note: I have used the <a href="https://www.kobo.com/nl/en/ebook/what-s-in-your-genome" target="_blank">KOBO e-book</a> version of the book which has full-text search capability (invaluable!). </span></p>
<p></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Appendix 1<br /></span></h2><p></p><p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">After reading the book I did a 'junk DNA' search in <i>Nature</i> and the results were surprising. Years before the ENCODE publications in 2012 a seemingly
endless number of articles showed up attacking the junk DNA concept:</span></span>
</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/379402a0" target="_blank">When the junk isn't junk</a>, 1996</span></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/35101691" target="_blank">The meaning of junk</a>, 2001</span></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/420458a" target="_blank">A forage in the junkyard</a>, 2002 </span></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/news040503-9" target="_blank">'Junk' DNA reveals vital role</a>, 2004</span></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nrm1445" target="_blank">A use for junk</a>, 2004</span></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/4371106a" target="_blank">Fruitfly genome is not junk</a>, 2005</span></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth0505-328b" target="_blank">What's in the 'junk' of the genome?</a>
2005</span></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/443521a" target="_blank">Junk DNA as an evolutionary force</a>, 2006</span></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/444130a" target="_blank">It's the junk that makes us human</a>, 2006</span></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/448622a" target="_blank">Junk</a>, 2007</span></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/7141xia" target="_blank">Marsupial genome reveals the treasure hidden in junk DNA.</a>
2007</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> <br /></span></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/458240a" target="_blank">Rethinking junk DNA</a>, 2009</span></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy200936" target="_blank">Junk DNA promotes sex chromosome evolution</a>, 2009</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> <br /></span></span>
</li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/news.2010.82" target="_blank">Junk DNA holds clues to heart disease</a>, 2010<br /></span></span>
</li></ul>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">All articles are attacking or even ridiculing the 'junk DNA' concept before the ENCODE publication 2012. That <i>Nature</i> published the ENCODE results
in 2012 did not quite come out of the blue. The problem is that <i>Nature</i> did not give its readers a balanced presentation
of different views in the scientific community. It is a very one-sided
point of view. Why? Finding functional DNA in junk DNA is newsworthy and
finding no function is a negative result which will not get published. It
seems a natural unbalance. The people who discovered treasures in the junk
are the heroes and revolutionaries and get published and interviewed. Just
as Moran describes in his book. Notwithstanding severe criticism,
<i>Nature</i> continued to propagate the anti-junk worldview
<i>after</i> 2012. That is even more amazing!<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span></span>
</p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Appendix 2</span></h2><p>
</p><p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitbC0XNnx99jtOMSIk0ZyoaCfmsbnGrJjuRWqXYk8qoJcCeKiHgzuHqtCbBjB132WEdxweegQKEdxeyIk_QvQvKLxvymHwbyb4aBFdq9VTYCufS_HoHrxWWSSraZu-JrIDWgaRHv0AR4QfaIiuah1Ru5ylAEdFaNnNa2sRRkfVpcnJUQMZ1kugbYzuQeTX/s200/3-s2.0-C20130136185-cov200h.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="133" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitbC0XNnx99jtOMSIk0ZyoaCfmsbnGrJjuRWqXYk8qoJcCeKiHgzuHqtCbBjB132WEdxweegQKEdxeyIk_QvQvKLxvymHwbyb4aBFdq9VTYCufS_HoHrxWWSSraZu-JrIDWgaRHv0AR4QfaIiuah1Ru5ylAEdFaNnNa2sRRkfVpcnJUQMZ1kugbYzuQeTX/s1600/3-s2.0-C20130136185-cov200h.gif" width="133" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br />After reading Moran's book, I found it helpful to compare it with John Avise's </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><i>Conceptual Breakthroughs in Evolutionary Genetics </i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">[2] because Avise emphasizes different
scientific discoveries and interprets them differently. Moran has a rather
extreme point of view and is dismissive of the results of other scientists who
argue there is less junk in our genome and more functional DNA. According to
Avise the following discoveries are conceptual breakthrough discoveries. I
selected the relevant breakthroughs.
</span></span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
Before the discovery of <b>jumping genes</b> scientists viewed the genome as a
stable entity. Mutation did change the sequence of a gene, but not the order
of the genes on a chromosome, and the total number of genes. Jumping genes
changed that view. A stable genome became a dynamic genome. Next is the
discovery of <b>repetitive elements</b>. They originate by copy and paste, but
it is unclear what their function is, if any. Then came the subversive idea
that many small mutations in DNA are ignored by natural selection because they
do not affect fitness (<b>neutralism theory</b>). Not everything is useful. At
that time it was thought that changes in protein coding genes are the most
important drivers of evolution. But evidence began to accumulate that
<b>gene regulation</b> of the protein coding genes was important in the evolution of eukaryotic species. The idea of gene regulation by <b>RNA</b> was a paradigm shift in molecular genetics. "Nearly all evolutionary
geneticists now fully accept the idea that changes in the regulatory apparatus
of eukaryotic genomes are central to much of adaptive evolution." Next
revolution: <b>human genomic uniqueness</b>. Before this revolution, humans
were extraordinarily distinct from all other creatures (Inflated Ego!). So,
our genome must be unique. But then came the discovery that genes and proteins
of humans and chimpanzees are remarkably similar. A shock for many people. The
standard paradigm at that time was that most genes within any genome
collaborate harmoniously for the benefit of the organism. But
<b>Selfish genes</b> multiply within our genome much like viruses without
benefit to the organism. We knew about selfish genes, but after the complete
sequence of the human genome in 2000 the <i>amount</i> of selfish DNA was new.
The view of a protein coding gene before the next revolution was an
uninterrupted sequences of the 4 bases from a START to a STOP codon. The
discovery of <b>Split genes</b> came as a shock. I remember this very well. It
looked a crazy idea. Protein coding genes were interrupted with
<i>introns</i>: pieces of DNA that are spliced out of the RNA transcript
before producing a protein. Completely unnecessary complexity. Introns are
junk DNA. They are not the exception, <i>they are the rule</i>.
Even worse: introns are larger than the protein coding genes themselves! The
total amount of useless introns in our genome is larger than the useful genes.
It takes some time to get used to it. Now, they are in every textbook. The
next unanticipated discovery was that RNA could catalyze biochemical
reactions: <b>Ribozymes</b>. A task that enzymes (proteins) had a monopoly on.
The point is that RNA wasn't just an intermediate between DNA and
proteins </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">anymore</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">, it is a functional end product.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Additionally it was discovered that non coding RNAs play an important role in
gene regulation: <b>Regulatory RNAs</b>. According to Avise the discovery of
regulatory RNAs are a conceptual breakthrough. They come in two types: short
micro-RNAs and long RNAs. According to Moran there are not many regulatory
RNAs, but according to the ENCODE people there are thousands. Remember their
claim: 80% of our genome is functional and Long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are
a major player (?). Obviously, one cannot estimate the percentage of junk in a
genome if one doesn't know the complete sequence. The
<b>Whole-Genome sequence</b>, published in 2000, made it possible to calculate
the percentage of junk in the complete genome. One last breakthrough I want to
mention is <b>Functional pseudogenes</b> (a paradoxical concept!). Until that discovery pseudogenes
were considered damaged copies of functional protein coding genes. Just junk.
The conceptual revolution was that some pseudogenes appeared to regulate gene
expression. 'Pseudogenes are not pseudo any more.' At least not all.</span><br /></span>
</p>
<p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Appendix 3</span></h2><p>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">There is one scientist who back in 1994 published a book completely based upon the hypothesis that much of our genome is random DNA. He used the concept 'junk DNA'. His name is Periannan Senapathy and the full title of his book is: "<i>Independent Birth of Organisms. A New Theory That Distinct Organisms Arose Independently From The Primordial Pond Showing That Evolutionary Theories Are Fundamentally Incorrect</i>". In his own words:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">"the genome would be mostly random DNA sequence with only small “islands” of genes scattered in an ocean of meaningless DNA. Such an architecture actually exists in the genomes of all living multicellular organisms, with the intergenic sequences termed “junk DNA.” "</span></span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Beautiful words! (with hindsight!). </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">I reviewed the book <a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof58.htm" target="_blank">here</a> on my WDW website. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">I will blog about him soon with a focus on junk DNA<a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/07/periannan-senapathy-1994-claimed-that.html" target="_blank">:</a></span></span></p><div class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2023/07/periannan-senapathy-1994-claimed-that.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Periannan Senapathy (1994) claimed that the human genome consists of more than 90% junk DNA</span></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 4 July 2023<br /></span></span></span></div><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span>
</p><p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span></span>
</p><h2 style="text-align: left;">
</h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Postscript 8 Nov 2023<br /></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;"><span>Lesson from a 50% synthetic yeast genome:</span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><blockquote>"One such source [of instability] is large stretches of repetitive DNA that don’t code for anything, but that can recombine with each other through natural processes, causing <b>major structural changes in the genome</b>. The synthetic biologists want to have complete control of their engineered yeast, so the team combed through S. cerevisiae’s genome with computer programs to find highly repetitive regions — and then deleted them. These sequences are effectively “genome parasites”, Boeke says.". <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03495-4" target="_blank">Nature</a> 8 Nov 2023 </blockquote></span></span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">So, there are talking about removing junk DNA because it is causing major structural changes in the genome. Those sequences must be highly non-adaptive or deleterious. If they are not </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">neutral, why are they not removed from the genome by natural selection? Low population size can't be an explanation in yeast.</span></span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <br /></span></span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><br /></span></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Notes</span><br />
</h2>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Jonathan Marks (2003) "What it means to be 98% chimpanzee. - Apes, people, and their genes.". Listed on my WDW page <a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof.htm#JonathanMarks" target="_blank">here</a>.<br /></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
John Avise (2014)
<i>Conceptual Breakthroughs in Evolutionary Genetics: A Brief History of
Shifting Paradigms</i>.
</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
Masatoshi Nei (2013) 'Mutation-driven Evolution', page 107.
<span><span>However, Nei himself writes: "Recent studies have shown that a
substantial portion of noncoding DNA has some roles in the regulation"
and he refers to the ENCODE Project Consortium 2012 !</span></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>Chris Organ et al (2007)
<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature05621" target="_blank">Origin of avian genome size and structure in non-avian dinosaurs</a>, <i>Nature</i>.</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>John Avise (2014): "Beginning in the 1980s, examples gradually came to
light in which some "pseudogenes" played active roles, such as in
regulating gene expression", Chapter 68 'Functional Pseudogenes',
(p.143).</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>In my review of Senapathy's book Independent Origin I quoted ENCODE
results several times without knowing how controversial they were!</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>Moran writes only about <i>differences in junk DNA</i> between humans and chimps: "almost all the differences between the human and chimp genomes are due to the fixation of neutral mutations by random genetic drift." (chapter 4)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/genome-size" target="_blank">Genome size</a></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>It is not a fact, but the "90% of your genome is junk" is stated as a fact: it is in the title of his book! and is many times repeated in his book. [<span style="color: red;">12 Jul 2023</span>]</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>"But sequencing the full genome was widely considered to be pointless, partly because around 95 percent of it was thought to be junk DNA.". <br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>Michel Morange (2020) </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>'The Black Box of Biology. A History of the Molecular Revolution', </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>p.341</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>For example, this publication is absent in his book: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4742320/" target="_blank">Introns: The Functional Benefits of Introns in Genomes</a>, <i>Genomics & Informatics</i>, 2015. Ideally, one should discuss publications against your own theory. </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>[<span style="color: red;">23 Jul 2023</span>]</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>Later I found a remarkable passage that shows Moran accepts the idea that junk could be a burden: "<b>This evidence suggests that there has been selection for removing excess junk DNA from these introns in order to speed up gene expression</b>." (chapter 6). So, Moran concludes from this that introns are mostly junk, and at the same time accepts that intron-junk is costly for highly expressed genes. Apparently, in this case natural selection is powerful enough to get rid of junk <b>despite the small effective population size</b>. But if population size is not a problem for removing junk DNA from introns, then the argument of population size doesn't seem to be valid anymore. The question arises: why hasn't most of the junk been removed from our genome? Is intron-junk more costly than intergenic junk?</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span> [<span style="color: red;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="color: red;">11 Aug 2023</span> ]. See also: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ng940z" target="_blank">Selection for short introns in highly expressed genes</a>.</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span><br /><br /><br /></span></span></li>
</ol>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com31tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-45865525661641091882023-05-30T12:02:00.032+02:002024-02-29T16:33:48.301+01:00Literatuur bij het Skepter artikel Seks met aliens<p></p>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPp81nNaSpSOJn0qQuKHEB4E33qh27wJ_e9tHqDsmpl0xl9d8OnZb79bzJQiX8GggmSFSM4ZvayRnw94NB_Q1Hn0s8gMyadN9w6Pq3XQDK5jq5ZTVyiQtw3hMe0C_H3riqnylpmi2Mi3gT7ydiIAWi0T40ie9ixmHJj2yShMfMd0fV6-JAcP8ubuxY7g/s566/cover-skepter362-400x556-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPp81nNaSpSOJn0qQuKHEB4E33qh27wJ_e9tHqDsmpl0xl9d8OnZb79bzJQiX8GggmSFSM4ZvayRnw94NB_Q1Hn0s8gMyadN9w6Pq3XQDK5jq5ZTVyiQtw3hMe0C_H3riqnylpmi2Mi3gT7ydiIAWi0T40ie9ixmHJj2yShMfMd0fV6-JAcP8ubuxY7g/s320/cover-skepter362-400x556-1.jpg" width="226" /></a>
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<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://skepsis.nl/skepter-covers/skepter-36-2-2023/" target="_blank">Skepter Zomer 2023</a><br />
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<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">In de Skepter zomer 2023 verscheen een kort artikel van mijn hand 'Seks
met aliens'. Daarin onderzocht ik de mogelijkheid of buitenaardse wezens
seks zouden kunnen hebben met mensen en nakomelingen zouden kunnen
voortbrengen. Het was een spin-off van de bespreking van het boek van
Erich von Daniken '<i><a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof102.htm" target="_blank">Evolution is Wrong</a></i>' op mijn WDW website. Omdat ik maar beperkte ruimte had moest ik veel
interessante argumenten weglaten en kon ik geen literatuurlijst geven.
Hieronder volgt een lijst die ik de komende tijd zal aanvullen.</span></span>
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<p><br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Literature about the possibility of sex with aliens.</span>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Open Sans;">updated 9 Jun 2023</span>
</div>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">In the summer edition of
<a href="https://skepsis.nl/skepter-covers/skepter-36-2-2023/" target="_blank"><i>Skepter</i></a>
an article (Dutch) by myself appeared about the possibility of aliens
having sex with humans. The magazine is published by the
<a href="https://skepsis.nl/">Dutch Skeptics society</a>. The article is a
spin-off of the review of
</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Erich von Daniken '<i><a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof102.htm" target="_blank">Evolution is Wrong</a></i>'</span>. <span style="font-size: medium;">According to von Daniken "<i>There were and there are genetic interventions conducted by aliens in humans</i>."</span> </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Because the size restrictions of the article I could not include many
interesting arguments and literature. Here I give a literature list which
I will update in the coming weeks.<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It appears that their are many obstacles to human-alien hybridization
despite the fact that physical and biochemical laws are truly universal.
Interestingly, the obstacles are caused by unique historical evolutionary
events that happened during the evolution of life on planet earth. Those
accidental features create an insurmountable barrière to hybridization.<br /></span></span>
</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Humans:
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome">Human Genome</a>
and
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Human_chromosomes">Human chromosomes</a>.
</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Chromosome numbers:
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organisms_by_chromosome_count" title="wikipedia">List of organisms by chromosome count</a>
shows huge variation in chromosome number of organisms on planet earth.
</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Genetic Code:
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code">Genetic Code</a>
(universal genetic code) including
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code#Alternative_genetic_codes">Alternative genetic codes</a>. The
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_mitochondrial_code">Vertebrate mitochondrial code</a>
(including humans) has 4 different codes compared to the Universal
Genetic Code. In the evolutionary past many genes from the original
mitochondrion migrated to the nucleus and only 37 genes remained in
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" target="_blank">mitochondrial DNA</a> (a unique historical process).<br /></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Sex chromosomes:
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome#Degeneration">Y-chromsome</a>, and
<a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-incredible-shrinking-sex-chromosome-20151201/">The Incredible Shrinking Sex Chromosome</a>, the Y-chromosome has its own unique history.
</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Non-standard chromosome number in healthy humans:
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertsonian_translocation#Consequences">Robertsonian translocation</a>
with a human with 2n=44. </span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><b>Pairing of
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_chromosome" target="_blank">homologous chromosomes</a></b>
in meiosis (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptonemal_complex" target="_blank">Synaptonemal complex</a>) is only possible between a chromosome from the father and the
homologous chromosome from the mother. If the father is an alien, pairing
will fail because there will be no homologous chromosomes at all,
consequently the hypothetical hybrid is sterile.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">An unusually knowledgeable Wikipedia page about
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanzee">hybidization</a>
between humans and non-humans.</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Biological species are separated by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_isolation" target="_blank">reproductive barriers</a>. A
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" target="_blank">species </a>is a group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate
sexes can produce fertile offspring.</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_organ" target="_blank">Sex organs</a>
of alien and human must match (anatomy, physiology, endocrinology).
Sperm must find its way to the egg cell, see:
<a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/en/press/z0508_00018.html" target="_blank">How sperm find their way</a>.<br /></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><b>Fertility problems</b> are expected to be a reproductive barrier
between humans and aliens. Infertility in the humans species has become
a major issue for human reproductive health and affects up to one in
seven couples worldwide. That is 14% of couples experience fertility
problems. Estimates from 1997 suggest that worldwide about five percent
of all heterosexual couples have an unresolved problem with infertility
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility#Causes" title="causes of human infertility">wikipedia</a>). And that is within the human species. See:
<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf7760">Understanding the genetics of human infertility</a>, <i>Science</i>, 13 Apr 2023. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><b>Genetic incompatibility</b>: <a href="https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/36/12/3028/6377223" target="_blank">Genetic incompatibility of the reproductive partners: an evolutionary perspective on infertility</a>, <i>Human Reproduction</i>, 2021 </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> (Open Access) </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">is about the <i>human</i> species. One problem is that natural fertilisation success is heavily dependent on the ability of sperm to traverse the female reproductive tract in the vicinity of an unfertilised oocyte. Sperm are directed towards the chemical factors secreted by unfertilised oocytes. Those factors must match.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Non-matching paternal and maternal <b>epigenetic imprinting</b> of genes active during pregnancy can cause either suboptimal or superoptimal growth of the fetus. Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_imprinting" target="_blank">Genomic imprinting</a>. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">25 jul 2023</span>.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span><b>Human Sperm
Plasma Allergy</b>: </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">an immunological reaction against human seminal plasma observed in young women. When untreated this could be live-threatening. The cause is a protein in the semen. Likely, <i>Alien sperm</i> is expected to be a high risk for developing HSPA. <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermaallergie" target="_blank">(Wikipedia</a>), (other <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.14442/jgfm.16.4_265" target="_blank">source</a>)</span> <span style="color: red;">11 Jul 2023</span>.</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><b>Immune system</b>: pathogens have significantly altered the human
genome. This topic has not been included in the Skepter article. The
idea is that past pandemics have shaped the human genome and those
pathogens and genomic changes are unique for life on earth. Alien beings
will not have experienced the same pathogens and consequently those
pathogens could be lethal to aliens. Also, hypothetical human-alien hybrids likely will suffer immunological problems.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><b>Immunological incompatibility</b> (pregnancy): When pregnant, maternal immunologic tolerance is required to ensure that the (alien!) fetus is not "rejected" by the mother’s immune system. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">22 Sep 2023</span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Biochemistry: here is a nice overview of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" target="_blank">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a> on Wikipedia (including hypothetical Silicon-based life). </span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> Nederlands</span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> <a href="https://www.nemokennislink.nl/facesofscience/blogs/dna-van-bandsalamanders-mengt-als-olie-en-water/" target="_blank">DNA van bandsalamanders mengt als olie en water</a>, Kennislink <span style="color: red;">6 Sep 2023</span>. (laat zien dat hybridisatie tussen nauw verwante salamander soorten geen succes is.)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span>
<ul>
</ul>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Books</span>
</h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Wallace Arthur (2023) '<b>Understanding Life in the Universe</b>',
Cambridge University Press; New edition. Paperback 150 pages. This is a
short and useful introduction to astrobiology by an evolutionary
biologist who wrote several other books on evolution and astrobiology.
See also
<a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof.htm#astrobiology">my introduction to Astrobiology</a>
page on my WDW website. </span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Stephen Freeland (2008) <b>Fitness of the cosmos for life</b>, chapter
14, page 301 about the Universal Genetic Code. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Erich von Daniken (2022) '<b>Evolution is Wrong</b>' (see my <a href="https://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof102.htm" target="_blank">review</a>).</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"> </span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Bill Chalker (2005)
<b>Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence of Alien
Abductions</b>, Gallery Books. One of the rare instances that a DNA analysis is done
on a hair of an 'alien'.
</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Albert E. Potts (2021) <b>Genetic Genesis: DNA Manipulation of Our Ancient Ancestors From the Original Biblical Text</b>. Info van de uitgever: "</span></span>Detailed descriptions of alien creation of Homo sapiens through advanced
DNA technologies, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and interspecies sexual
experimentation." Daar heb je het weer: kruising tussen mens en aliens. [<span style="color: red;">29 Feb 2024</span>]
</li>
</ul>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-22191235312316619932023-05-18T09:51:00.005+02:002023-11-11T09:41:34.213+01:00This morning I found a dead House Sparrow (huismus) at my doorstep<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKfFne9hgvhA--ZRaWramR8q_lCIQq0WPT5KaFh6G4XCmsohoJFJoqoe5FR-6IqRlBUKJLlhsmwCJKoiG3rmZvlvCyAoorim7r7u1eL-kIpgFbv7lde81fD7WHQKfXNHin3dLoTd6TpfGyRqJz5ayG7g5nBtu7G0KmwqPOBHCbXI-1tCz7-VYhs2vdJA/s780/dooie-mus780x480.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="780" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKfFne9hgvhA--ZRaWramR8q_lCIQq0WPT5KaFh6G4XCmsohoJFJoqoe5FR-6IqRlBUKJLlhsmwCJKoiG3rmZvlvCyAoorim7r7u1eL-kIpgFbv7lde81fD7WHQKfXNHin3dLoTd6TpfGyRqJz5ayG7g5nBtu7G0KmwqPOBHCbXI-1tCz7-VYhs2vdJA/w400-h246/dooie-mus780x480.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dead House Sparrow </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">♂</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Passer domesticus</i><br /> Huismus </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">♂</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> ©GK</span></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">On the morning of Ascension Day I found a dead male House Sparrow at my doorstep. Death is inevitable. Death is </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">part of the natural cycle of life.</span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;"> So House Sparrows must die one day too, or so to speak go to heaven. But, I have never<i> seen</i> a dead House Sparrow, certainly not at my doorstep. What happened? What is the cause of death? Old age? A cat? Attacked by a bird of prey? Flew into a window? Sick? A virus infection? Why precisely at my doorstep? I couldn't see any blood or damage. The cause of death remains a mystery! He doesn't belong in the garbage bin, so we respectfully buried the bird in our garden. That too is part of the natural cycle of life. He was part of a group of house sparrows daily visiting our garden to search for breadcrumbs. The other group members seem to be happy as always. I enjoy their company every day.</span></span><br /></p><p></p>gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-88087758747387686672023-05-14T15:32:00.006+02:002023-05-16T08:28:58.366+02:00House Sparrow mother feeding cute infant. Huismusmoeder voert bedelend jong.<p></p><p></p><p><iframe frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/GVrihO87808" style="background-image: url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/GVrihO87808/hqdefault.jpg);" width="480"></iframe></p>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">House Sparrow mother feeding cute, hungry infant</span></h2><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap" role="text" style="font-family: Open Sans;">Location: The Netherlands. May 11 2023<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap" role="text" style="font-family: Open Sans;">The House Sparrow / Huismus / <i>Passer domesticus</i> is nr 1 on the list of most common garden birds in the Netherlands. It typically can be found in villages, towns, farms but not in forests and woods. Although they are number 1 in gardens, 30 years ago their numbers started to decline due to lack of nesting places (better isolation of houses). They now depend nearly completely on nesting boxes provided by humans. Also feeding is important. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap" role="text" style="font-family: Open Sans;">Stray cats who catch inexperienced young birds despite being fed by their owners are a threat. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap" role="text" style="font-family: Open Sans;">House Sparrows are a social animal and live always in groups.
In this video we see the typical begging behavior with vibrating wings of young birds. I haven't seen fathers feeding the young. Not yet...<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap" role="text" style="font-family: Open Sans;">The 'Eurasian Tree Sparrow' (<i>Passer montanus</i> / Ringmus ) is the only other species of the genus <i>Passer</i> that can be observed as a breeding bird in The Netherlands. It is less common and is not 'domesticated' to the same degree.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap" role="text" style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap" role="text" style="font-family: Open Sans;">Youtube</span></span></h2><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap" role="text" style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVrihO87808" target="_blank">House Sparrow mother feeding hungry infant begging for food</a>, May 14, 2023</span><br /></li></ul><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap" role="text" style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span></span></p><p><br /></p>gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1573515308501896849.post-42902813190253668492023-05-03T11:58:00.027+02:002023-06-15T19:13:10.982+02:00Western jackdaw with white feathers. Kauw met witte veren. Coloeus monedula. Leucism.<p><span style="font-size: medium;">***<i>Updated 15 June</i>***</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><br />
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<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEYObxpliNp9xS4ShY__1hOMgkcJq8gK6u3uGF9dJAAYUJ6FBmtTbbPOHmUdjOsYxzgGJqcAQ5H5sOusdYV41Kot9V5GeB-jDPjkpNHpS2delRfSqWL0l5pUIG01SOHjc0AmMLqFXFq9phz1P1eaHpcxrT9fDz_HXYU6m79oMMtqyd8WfKqVDQIpjkoA/s800/RX002926-800x570.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="800" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEYObxpliNp9xS4ShY__1hOMgkcJq8gK6u3uGF9dJAAYUJ6FBmtTbbPOHmUdjOsYxzgGJqcAQ5H5sOusdYV41Kot9V5GeB-jDPjkpNHpS2delRfSqWL0l5pUIG01SOHjc0AmMLqFXFq9phz1P1eaHpcxrT9fDz_HXYU6m79oMMtqyd8WfKqVDQIpjkoA/w400-h286/RX002926-800x570.JPG" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Western jackdaw with white feathers<br />Kauw met witte veren<br />7
April 2023 The Netherlands ©Gert Korthof</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;">A Western jackdaw ( <i>Coloeus monedula</i> ) with white feathers is
rare. It is a mutation in the melanin pigment producing cells in the
feathers. For the first time this individual visited our garden and I
could make a reasonable good portrait. This individual has been spotted at
least the previous year at other locations nearby together with members of
his own species. Apparently accepted as a member of the group. It seems to
be a healthy and otherwise normal Jackdaw.</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6iptZ0NpASQmdj18qHFltcKFUut45Cc0FnrwjNWqpfYI0zhgvhyf4oeRgjcFh_GUj7-ciDMDbbA3lbXu4Lus21RvIe5hogpZTWOv9d1qTaeliX1h8VAdknqkW3aWeL1O-MrAki3NcpmIcZ5S5uyUeRmBhd6NLXuzyzu1osoS6-g63tXa3JdT9Z9UKcw/s3000/RX002921.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="2800" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6iptZ0NpASQmdj18qHFltcKFUut45Cc0FnrwjNWqpfYI0zhgvhyf4oeRgjcFh_GUj7-ciDMDbbA3lbXu4Lus21RvIe5hogpZTWOv9d1qTaeliX1h8VAdknqkW3aWeL1O-MrAki3NcpmIcZ5S5uyUeRmBhd6NLXuzyzu1osoS6-g63tXa3JdT9Z9UKcw/w374-h400/RX002921.JPG" width="374" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">same individual. 7 April 2023. ©Gert Korthof</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>Some 5 weeks later, on 15 June, I observed the 'white' jackdaw again on a
chimney with a 'normal' partner:</span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIZUaHJ4IJXgyXk_JQUTb99OXuGqJtP_QJjpT1OKw-MfE0TaBjTNs2Skfo9oW1HhnL46P6fJ67-HqcHzR4oLP5bwoQmIJAI-mAO4q13yJkbisG4C7q6MZ8njGCZjfaKxKx2nZjU_tj7gZvl5rnvwBfRmAo65oWqfnU94JmrRmvifQO4xeeukRkeyyXDQ/s1800/SRX04816.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1400" data-original-width="1800" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIZUaHJ4IJXgyXk_JQUTb99OXuGqJtP_QJjpT1OKw-MfE0TaBjTNs2Skfo9oW1HhnL46P6fJ67-HqcHzR4oLP5bwoQmIJAI-mAO4q13yJkbisG4C7q6MZ8njGCZjfaKxKx2nZjU_tj7gZvl5rnvwBfRmAo65oWqfnU94JmrRmvifQO4xeeukRkeyyXDQ/w400-h311/SRX04816.JPG" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">15 June 2023 ©Gert Korthof</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaS7rwPKGD5bPxEjMo5gCW435jzEMiaDNEuGrmCb4llIEcmMMsnAdJOiuatNdLtyFJSnAUfm09WMnWRylnPGi-y9O_715j3p8c-r3xEy9UE_5cUW6_6C_o8MzxtZqvmeIR1_51WTImDZjmVTgxAz8qaTr5ybnPRn83dwpr5J8ww56f8clMsZlP-uH1Mw/s1200/SRX04812.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaS7rwPKGD5bPxEjMo5gCW435jzEMiaDNEuGrmCb4llIEcmMMsnAdJOiuatNdLtyFJSnAUfm09WMnWRylnPGi-y9O_715j3p8c-r3xEy9UE_5cUW6_6C_o8MzxtZqvmeIR1_51WTImDZjmVTgxAz8qaTr5ybnPRn83dwpr5J8ww56f8clMsZlP-uH1Mw/w400-h300/SRX04812.JPG" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">15 June 2023 ©Gert Korthof</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</span>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Many Jackdaws here use the chimneys as nesting places. So, maybe the 'white'
and the 'normal' Jackdaw are going to produce young Jackdaws... How will
they look like?<br /></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>= = =<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><span>I found many other pictures on the internet. </span>Keep in
mind that rare birds have a higher probability of being published</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">!<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">The more I searched the more I found!</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_jackdaw" target="_blank">Wikipedia Western jackdaw</a>: <br /></span>
</p>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5I3_jtgymLLyoHMq8t0L-8ZYllMysosQVrmiUfb23CbmwlpIBZYwu-FAbYYTgEm4Qlu_bV8j0ieDyVZw8r8NlSy74ZHxOQW2ZcZ8n90twrlISTjCAxiXWnLej3PNsIlQNh6x_z8LOdyXzDHmmmyv4I8JzG3gFdfoox1cx3noVlGVRzyI9y9PXvOjajA/s1500/CROP._Corvus_monedula,_naakka,_Naantalin_hautausmaa,_Naantali,_8.11.2011small.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1500" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5I3_jtgymLLyoHMq8t0L-8ZYllMysosQVrmiUfb23CbmwlpIBZYwu-FAbYYTgEm4Qlu_bV8j0ieDyVZw8r8NlSy74ZHxOQW2ZcZ8n90twrlISTjCAxiXWnLej3PNsIlQNh6x_z8LOdyXzDHmmmyv4I8JzG3gFdfoox1cx3noVlGVRzyI9y9PXvOjajA/w400-h266/CROP._Corvus_monedula,_naakka,_Naantalin_hautausmaa,_Naantali,_8.11.2011small.jpeg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">By
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18365486" target="_blank">Markus Rantala (Makele-90) - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0</a></span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p><br /></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These birds have seemingly random white spots and patches:</span></span>
<br />
</p>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqnptJcUn7UWNsbyi1r3vCGoOe9oxdCirpVbKIm6PwBKnLSSFb726dn7QzmYd7v33ySwspL9CQRzZy7yb6DGN8nFDHME7MgYtdCzGanSwTfgjaOBlknRRlPYNfXvs-2IYT5QDd25jlSN1FGvE4Gh5vaKpUjeTstd0fn4zAeKy-qhizGex-hFEAnnewOA/s1280/972170580a0272c03689cb51dac30e73.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="1270" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqnptJcUn7UWNsbyi1r3vCGoOe9oxdCirpVbKIm6PwBKnLSSFb726dn7QzmYd7v33ySwspL9CQRzZy7yb6DGN8nFDHME7MgYtdCzGanSwTfgjaOBlknRRlPYNfXvs-2IYT5QDd25jlSN1FGvE4Gh5vaKpUjeTstd0fn4zAeKy-qhizGex-hFEAnnewOA/w398-h400/972170580a0272c03689cb51dac30e73.jpg" width="398" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Vroege Vogels:
<a href="https://vroegevogels.bnnvara.nl/community/fotos/vogels/kauw-in-het-wit/242533" target="_blank">Kauw in het wit</a>
(2016)</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p><br /></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiddcpGe6vpfIBk5sPUSai5-lca_RDH8Fo7WHNv9CQz3EjlxSHIb_C7Paf2WI6Dv08wB9nFEQLnn1Y5sa_VGt34XKttZ7TsK9vCZ3iuCFsFMwQwajxs12KsQfMngptylqP_AmYYNwMrSPQSViTlyRxggJCljwh_VzL1nN16UGZUSvaEKP8zFGqO8ABJSg/s932/Pied-Jackdaw.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="696" data-original-width="932" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiddcpGe6vpfIBk5sPUSai5-lca_RDH8Fo7WHNv9CQz3EjlxSHIb_C7Paf2WI6Dv08wB9nFEQLnn1Y5sa_VGt34XKttZ7TsK9vCZ3iuCFsFMwQwajxs12KsQfMngptylqP_AmYYNwMrSPQSViTlyRxggJCljwh_VzL1nN16UGZUSvaEKP8zFGqO8ABJSg/w400-h299/Pied-Jackdaw.png" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/136335878@N02/50501946966/" target="_blank"><span>Pied Jackdaw</span></a>
(flickr)</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p><br /></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg1CaHtL6pIzvQF2GVCotBYaMG9s7UyiFALUKigm63ewN0EDqpST37stdAzgggEYMXMquD9VPyCSQEp9L-TpT8RtfRwl-WzzaPK2jlKmTRi-6mjkHEI-KzA-9SX_tKq9Jd99BqVruuP0KHqjQon4wLin_5hPUiLg9AGo9o3tf5LlfpHZoMLkRE9csYPA/s604/4452.qasd%20052.jpg-500x0.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="604" data-original-width="500" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg1CaHtL6pIzvQF2GVCotBYaMG9s7UyiFALUKigm63ewN0EDqpST37stdAzgggEYMXMquD9VPyCSQEp9L-TpT8RtfRwl-WzzaPK2jlKmTRi-6mjkHEI-KzA-9SX_tKq9Jd99BqVruuP0KHqjQon4wLin_5hPUiLg9AGo9o3tf5LlfpHZoMLkRE9csYPA/w331-h400/4452.qasd%20052.jpg-500x0.jpg" width="331" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://community.rspb.org.uk/nature-on-your-doorstep/f/wildlife-in-the-garden/48028/magnificent-leucistic-jackdaw" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">Magnificent leucistic jackdaw</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;">
(Linda)<br />random white spots and patches<br /></span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLaSEkct0ZvM3z37TJFf9FPRGT5jcsie2SLXpGvv-jk3VtG7Z6n4MqjqQN2qT8BlAXpMSbhkS2Laca8OneCbX0pC_zsyuVdzwlf-VbC-teiWK2wjeeLO9aDjvqcvtZSyGchIoVzOyXq4Pb7ucvMaR6SQV8xvxL68Bbh-gYF-1oo6IPRQKvlkxXZXDV3w/s1340/Linda_Jackdaw.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1340" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLaSEkct0ZvM3z37TJFf9FPRGT5jcsie2SLXpGvv-jk3VtG7Z6n4MqjqQN2qT8BlAXpMSbhkS2Laca8OneCbX0pC_zsyuVdzwlf-VbC-teiWK2wjeeLO9aDjvqcvtZSyGchIoVzOyXq4Pb7ucvMaR6SQV8xvxL68Bbh-gYF-1oo6IPRQKvlkxXZXDV3w/w400-h269/Linda_Jackdaw.png" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Nice picture by ©<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/422373/7195799568/" target="_blank">Linda</a></span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjeJ5bcWGgf1v-0R-zwr0-kw6HsrwCrXA2q4sH4u9tyzTqmsWA0z_MKngePYO6bSyks-fSZJeNOHLzrE_RuwAxIKaOvddMphwW1tw9gHQMxgFgxNCsRUarikptAGwdrthnxrS_mxlNDgNBUQnB9PhIUE8t41XttEQVNKrtHAOgXIKrSb86f6cMXIdROA/s991/FredrikGrahn1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="991" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjeJ5bcWGgf1v-0R-zwr0-kw6HsrwCrXA2q4sH4u9tyzTqmsWA0z_MKngePYO6bSyks-fSZJeNOHLzrE_RuwAxIKaOvddMphwW1tw9gHQMxgFgxNCsRUarikptAGwdrthnxrS_mxlNDgNBUQnB9PhIUE8t41XttEQVNKrtHAOgXIKrSb86f6cMXIdROA/w400-h271/FredrikGrahn1.png" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<a class="owner-name truncate" data-track="attributionNameClick" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/macos/" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1681746307236_1879" rel="author" title="Go to Fredrik Grahn’s photostream"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fredrik Grahn</span></a><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">To me it looks like a
<a href="https://waarneming.nl/species/1404/" target="_blank">Nordic Jackdaw</a>
subspecies (Noordse Kauw)</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<p></p>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioAm2YKeEDc1G4qBSi7AyTyG4Ih2F5vHmJOEaSf0CS91K2tcDCZ8myMk4nsmsBjlGmngz8wpW0hKJUMwQfW1YXJihKnP_pnzmAb4z8wjmMLYJRflGCVmWe0M7Dh3uYrFO4dibudwd2N_r19Y3bjx2EbFPsICXgqL3cGZsaFrmzKTmN7JizaBtAU766Bw/s480/kauw_afwijkend38742.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="480" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioAm2YKeEDc1G4qBSi7AyTyG4Ih2F5vHmJOEaSf0CS91K2tcDCZ8myMk4nsmsBjlGmngz8wpW0hKJUMwQfW1YXJihKnP_pnzmAb4z8wjmMLYJRflGCVmWe0M7Dh3uYrFO4dibudwd2N_r19Y3bjx2EbFPsICXgqL3cGZsaFrmzKTmN7JizaBtAU766Bw/w400-h266/kauw_afwijkend38742.jpg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Kauw, afwijkend (<a href="https://waarneming.nl/observation/1087610/" target="_blank">waarneming.nl</a>
2006)</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br /></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgTDqMCV8Kpu4j7d8WjrwGDMhaN66qr6jqczi2tPHS0tag32a-HOBVquChUHzOi5Q8SWNI5USRSChgjrCpCNvBHB9Eo-tpiG5kg0aWkqvNMY07hthG5paIp_oL22AlTfrE3572mLO-vHpQdrzHGEzyy-CR40yZ8FDHkK5vsC9q3e5Wq57zUvy9obqhaA/s1406/MP7A6769Jackdaw.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="937" data-original-width="1406" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgTDqMCV8Kpu4j7d8WjrwGDMhaN66qr6jqczi2tPHS0tag32a-HOBVquChUHzOi5Q8SWNI5USRSChgjrCpCNvBHB9Eo-tpiG5kg0aWkqvNMY07hthG5paIp_oL22AlTfrE3572mLO-vHpQdrzHGEzyy-CR40yZ8FDHkK5vsC9q3e5Wq57zUvy9obqhaA/w400-h266/MP7A6769Jackdaw.jpg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://darleydalewildlife.blogspot.com/2014/12/partially-albino-jackdaw-peak-village.html" style="font-family: Open Sans;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">Darley Dale Wildlife: Partially albino Jackdaw</span></a><br /><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Andy Butler
<a href="http://darleydalewildlife.blogspot.com">http://darleydalewildlife.blogspot.com</a></span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">'Partial albino' is not a correct description.
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism" target="_blank">Albinism</a>
is the congenital absence of melanin in an animal or plant resulting in
white hair, feathers, scales and skin and reddish pink or blue eyes. So,
this is a leucistic Jackdaw because it clearly has black pigment.
</span></span>
</p>
<p><br /></p>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN9Q4N49hb7t7lGi19CEkbaUoJATt_sws5MxqatUqETuYxY7cCFCYHyhNvuR4gt4Xw7IfEXj4uO7cqmo_VQJfh4_U2XkzWH90jOzEP7JozMCQmmQtGVaSqVAV4lGVJdPloRbTxgvoRKiMoh9dX_lI9kxZ4gGBgLzU_AqkAuZlEqsLx1CCWPihLozHMag/s973/Jackdaw-countryfile.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="649" data-original-width="973" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN9Q4N49hb7t7lGi19CEkbaUoJATt_sws5MxqatUqETuYxY7cCFCYHyhNvuR4gt4Xw7IfEXj4uO7cqmo_VQJfh4_U2XkzWH90jOzEP7JozMCQmmQtGVaSqVAV4lGVJdPloRbTxgvoRKiMoh9dX_lI9kxZ4gGBgLzU_AqkAuZlEqsLx1CCWPihLozHMag/w400-h266/Jackdaw-countryfile.jpg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.countryfile.com/wildlife/birds/british-crow-guide-how-to-identify-each-species-and-where-to-see/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">source</span></a>
<br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUGv76Y6W8wOR0aOiw8HWCIYB1UBIclA1-D1QtROuu70RLb3tiR0oPdxKrXXYjGDa-G3ztgvgTXyqiKRVtGQB33_JjaZFxAzva-lBEIS5whdVeoEcr6sJ_izkowNmUaEnx3LGNiJ4QkzteXCX0IH5oi1ke7WSLp1WED2MbO5jmfiR9HMhZNsCkmVcaeg/s766/_48693504_img_7876.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="766" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUGv76Y6W8wOR0aOiw8HWCIYB1UBIclA1-D1QtROuu70RLb3tiR0oPdxKrXXYjGDa-G3ztgvgTXyqiKRVtGQB33_JjaZFxAzva-lBEIS5whdVeoEcr6sJ_izkowNmUaEnx3LGNiJ4QkzteXCX0IH5oi1ke7WSLp1WED2MbO5jmfiR9HMhZNsCkmVcaeg/w400-h266/_48693504_img_7876.jpg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">White and black Jackdaw together ( BBC )<br />BBC - Avebury's rare
albino faces black future</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Please note that the following bird looks like a leucistic Jackdaw:</span></span><br />
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiflxskyuT_RrZTZ411WfosQd_Dvu8F1AMtwNLRJ3xoVoA3yIFviV4psr4MNI0G58JCyL39klE4r3oxAxotLQt7VfBhv-JJB3UfLjjL0uzNjb3LTcphel7IiovaaMaFbllo69Q0qFXJdfeXFph9314Jo547RCKfqkl2-ABdVeaji1YkVQm03iScH594A/s975/Daurian-Jackdaw.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="649" data-original-width="975" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiflxskyuT_RrZTZ411WfosQd_Dvu8F1AMtwNLRJ3xoVoA3yIFviV4psr4MNI0G58JCyL39klE4r3oxAxotLQt7VfBhv-JJB3UfLjjL0uzNjb3LTcphel7IiovaaMaFbllo69Q0qFXJdfeXFph9314Jo547RCKfqkl2-ABdVeaji1YkVQm03iScH594A/w400-h266/Daurian-Jackdaw.jpeg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daurian_jackdaw" target="_blank">Daurian Jackdaw</a>
(<i>Coloeus dauuricus</i>) (<a href="https://russia.birds.watch/v2photo.php?l=en&s=051505425&n=1&si=sib" target="_blank">Dmitry Dubikovskiy</a>)</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">but do not get confused, the above picture is the Daurian Jackdaw, a
geographic species of the <i>Coloeus</i> genus. <br /></span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">The Hooded Crow (<i>Corvus cornix</i>) is <b>not</b> a leucistic crow but
it is the normal color pattern of the species:</span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-TxfkpdnWLkMPdGcqHWtxZ1_kKYAuDfvRQ00ggZ0XyDw9ZgmjcKdBZrrhB90ueLBfHNdGTYPeISElN3yAc_rhcpX6FqNzeJaevUbvmMiiMjFuLVrmJaln4cAlf28d5HZNIuH2E48YPrQ0WVOVW_vCRDFqSmwa9TY8jcW-5Vk2JzFDlHl0Lvv7fcecVw/s800/BonteKraai10793934.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-TxfkpdnWLkMPdGcqHWtxZ1_kKYAuDfvRQ00ggZ0XyDw9ZgmjcKdBZrrhB90ueLBfHNdGTYPeISElN3yAc_rhcpX6FqNzeJaevUbvmMiiMjFuLVrmJaln4cAlf28d5HZNIuH2E48YPrQ0WVOVW_vCRDFqSmwa9TY8jcW-5Vk2JzFDlHl0Lvv7fcecVw/w400-h300/BonteKraai10793934.jpg" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Hooded Crow, Bonte Kraai (
<a href="https://waarneming.nl/observation/118635456/" target="_blank">Jeanne Kliemesch</a>
)</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> </span>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">At the
<a href="https://corvidresearch.blog/2014/07/09/crow-curiosities-what-causes-white-feathers/" target="_blank">Corvid Research blog</a>
I found a blogpost about leucism in general with some pictures of leucistic
Jackdaws in flight. <i>Corvidae</i> is the family name which includes
Eurasian magpie, Common raven, Carrion crow.</span>
</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">Here is a story at the
<a href="https://www.gardenwildlifehealth.org/portfolio/plumage-abnormalities/" target="_blank">Garden Wildlife Health</a> website about leucism with pictures.</span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"> <br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;">The
<a href="https://www.bto.org/our-science/projects/gbw/gardens-wildlife/garden-birds/behaviour/plumage/leucism" target="_blank">British Trust for Ornitholog</a></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.bto.org/our-science/projects/gbw/gardens-wildlife/garden-birds/behaviour/plumage/leucism" target="_blank">y</a>
writes that leucism is heritable, but I think this is not always the case.
When the mutation happens <i>after</i> fertilization, thus during
development of the embryo, it is a somatic mutation, and does not occur in
the germline. So, is not heritable.<br /></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Finally, a video with a very rare and amazing White
<b>Black</b>bird:</span></span>
</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAUlVBlxJLG35u1xQa8VVqfC1WMOai0td9ioGfC4WeHKnBLpupH2QzegTmiVCWcm-L6s0tSxfPM0_9vq_svNVwEoo52GA8YVHjgKB2kRBz--G0GaP6sVfng8G3AuVaUgtvYqT3cmMw2uekKOWw1sFtPP1QDoHIkuW-moSCxZ29PpIbUXVcYENbM9rC6A/s648/White-Blackbird.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="648" data-original-width="598" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAUlVBlxJLG35u1xQa8VVqfC1WMOai0td9ioGfC4WeHKnBLpupH2QzegTmiVCWcm-L6s0tSxfPM0_9vq_svNVwEoo52GA8YVHjgKB2kRBz--G0GaP6sVfng8G3AuVaUgtvYqT3cmMw2uekKOWw1sFtPP1QDoHIkuW-moSCxZ29PpIbUXVcYENbM9rC6A/w369-h400/White-Blackbird.png" width="369" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0BZE5HPM3g" target="_blank">Leucistic Blackbird</a>
video (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0BZE5HPM3g" target="_blank">A Shot Of Wildlife</a>)</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Last but not least: an extreme form of Jackdaw leucism:</span></span>
</p>
<p><br /></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEkDOKToBoflkFYT_qysf-IuS3Oul4_4Fp3YKhtNmlrsYUgcx1izXqoKZuFdlebOUav_ejc98JwXP8WdTt0FnDHGXrnyCdhfE5_92ziKpFq7o3W2dAAIbIFWpI6skCq0hhDEvx_9_ayTZBQ8eikLmfU6YRaituq8-iM1HNEzQBhImLKwaiGLSKnN7f0w/s777/WhiteJackdaw.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="777" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEkDOKToBoflkFYT_qysf-IuS3Oul4_4Fp3YKhtNmlrsYUgcx1izXqoKZuFdlebOUav_ejc98JwXP8WdTt0FnDHGXrnyCdhfE5_92ziKpFq7o3W2dAAIbIFWpI6skCq0hhDEvx_9_ayTZBQ8eikLmfU6YRaituq8-iM1HNEzQBhImLKwaiGLSKnN7f0w/w400-h260/WhiteJackdaw.png" width="400" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Jackdaw extreme leucism! (
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/maisiehexagon/4358589735/in/pool-birdtrack/" target="_blank">flickr</a>
)</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br /><br />
<p></p>
<p><br /></p>
<p><br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Automatic species identification software:</span>
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;"></span></span>
</h2>
<p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans;">The most amazing fact: the rare white blackbird is recognized by
<a href="https://waarneming.nl/pages/disclaimer-obsidentify/" target="_blank">ObsIdentify-NIA</a>
as a Blackbird with <b>97%</b>! How on earth is he doing that?
Interestingly, all the other leucistic Jackdaws are identified by
ObsIdentify-NIA with 99%-100% certainty as a Western Jackdaw except the
picture by Fredrik Grahn which is identified as a
<a href="https://waarneming.nl/species/1404/" target="_blank">Nordic Jackdaw</a>
(<a href="https://waarneming.nl/species/1404/" target="_blank">Noordse Kauw</a>) with 100% certainty. The Noridc Jackdaw is considered a subspecies:
<a href="https://waarneming.nl/species/1404/" target="_blank">Western Jackdaw ssp monedula</a>. The software is able to identify the Jackdaw despite the white
feathers: how does he do it? [ 6 May ]<br /></span></span>
</p>
<p></p>
<p><br /></p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Open Sans;">Further Reading</span>
</h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.bto.org/our-science/projects/gbw/gardens-wildlife/garden-birds/behaviour/plumage/leucism" target="_blank">Leucism & albinism</a>
at the British Trust for Ornithology website explains that leucism is
heritable. Leucism is different from Albinism.</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-07360-8" target="_blank">Leucistic plumage as a result of progressive greying in a cryptic
nocturnal bird</a>, <i>Nature</i>, 01 March 2022. This is a scientific study of leucism in
a nightjar species (<i>Caprimulgus ruficollis</i>) during a 4 year period.
The authors discuss several hypotheses about leucism. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">[ <span style="color: red;">added: 9 May 2023</span> ]</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.birdnote.org/explore/field-notes/2018/04/why-bird-part-white-leucism" target="_blank">Why Is That Bird Part White? Leucism!</a> BirdNote, 2018. with a gallery of different species with leucism. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">[ <span style="color: red;">added: 9 May 2023</span> ]</span>
</li>
<li>
<span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://korthof.blogspot.com/2020/05/madarijneend-met-witte-vrouw.html" target="_blank">Mandarijneend met witte vrouw</a> (blog) Mandarin Duck (<i>Aix galericulata</i>) with white female.
18 May 2020. </span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;"></span><span style="font-family: Open Sans; font-size: medium;">[ <span style="color: red;">added: 19 May 2023</span> ]</span>
</li>
</ul>
gert korthofhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02176669976311883850noreply@blogger.com2